Exploring Multi-Factor Authentication Adoption in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom: The Role of NAFATH

Abstract

Background. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security measure designed to enhance the protection of online accounts. Despite its notable benefits, the usability of MFA remains a challenge among users. While several factors influence MFA adoption, there remains a gap in understanding the impact of government-mandated initiatives on its uptake. Aim. The primary aim of this study is to explore the adoption of MFA among online users in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. By comparing these two contexts, the study will provide insights into the effectiveness of government-led initiatives, such as NAFATH, in promoting MFA adoption and compare those rates with the United Kingdom, where such mandates do not exist. Method. The study collected data through online surveys recruiting 300 participants over the age 18: 150 respondents residing in Saudi Arabia, and 150 in the United Kingdom. The data ordinal data was analyzed through non-parametric statistical tests. Results. Empirical findings suggest that there is no significant difference in MFA usage frequencies between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, nor is there a positive correlation between NAFATH usage and MFA usage frequencies in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion. The study highlights the need for a strategy that combines government- led initiatives with user-centric factors to foster higher MFA adoption rates across diverse contexts and to enhance overall cybersecurity by designing more effective policies and measures.