Prototype Augmented Reality Spatial Navigation Test for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) neuropathology can be detected before the onset of clinical symptoms. However, early detection is challenged by the limited sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic tests for AD. Early detection can reduce the global burden of AD and facilitate better clinical management and early access to effective treatment. This study piloted a novel, easy-to-administer, cost-effective Augmented Reality (AR) spatial navigation test that has the potential for clinical application. The AR test measures angular estimation and replication which is thought to target entorhinal cortex function, as the first cortical region to evidence neuropathology in early AD. The study found that young and elderly participants did not differ in their performance, independent of demographic characteristics. This provides preliminary proof of concept in support of our hypothesis that the test would be sensitive and specific to early AD, beyond natural age-related decline in spatial navigation or demographics. We also found that performance accuracy differed across angle ranges depending on whether the angle was turned clockwise or anticlockwise. These results provide preliminary baseline data against which prodromal patients’ performance can be compared in the next piloting study. User-feedback data indicated an overall positive experience of the AR test, providing preliminary acceptability and usability of the test for potential clinical application. Recommendations were proposed for improving the AR test.