The interplay between thyroid function and mental disorders

Abstract

The thyroid gland, central to human development, growth, and metabolism, produces crucial hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. Beyond traditional roles, recent advancements reveal an expanded role of thyroid hormones, influencing nervous system regulation and impacting diverse physiological processes. This scientific investigation endeavors to delve comprehensively into the intricate interplay between thyroid function and human health. The primary objectives include elucidating clinical features, risk factors, disease sub-groups, and responses to conventional therapeutic treatments. Genetic variations exert a significant influence on baseline serum hormone levels, contributing notably to the emergence of subclinical thyroid diseases. The focal points of the study are Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases, distinct autoimmune conditions disrupting thyroid function. The aim is to explore not only known causal associations but also potential mechanistic pathways involved in the pathophysiology of these diseases. The research underscores the pivotal roles of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of Hashimoto's and Graves' diseases, thereby emphasizing the imperative need for identifying and understanding relevant risk factors. Furthermore, the investigation accentuates the intricate association between thyroid function and mental health. The study establishes correlations between thyroid function and various mental health conditions, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment. In advocating for a comprehensive approach to mental health care, the research underscores the nuanced and interconnected relationships between thyroid function and the spectrum of mental health conditions, highlighting the importance of holistic patient evaluation and targeted interventions.