How Well Do the Sample Populations in Microprocessor-Controlled Knee Technology Research Represent People with Limb Loss, and What Factors Influence How Well the Technology Works for Different Individuals?

Abstract

This literature review evaluates how well research on microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees (MPKs) is representative and transferable to different people with limb loss and what factors influence this. Studies consistently demonstrate that MPKs improve mobility and quality of life by enhancing balance and reducing falls. However, the extent to which these benefits apply to various demographic groups remains unclear. Using systematic review principles and PRISMA guidelines, 21 studies were analysed from databases including Cochrane, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed. The included studies primarily focus on young to middle-aged adults, males, individuals with trauma-related amputation, and higher mobility levels (K3/K4), while research on older adults, females, and individuals with amputation caused by vascular disease or diabetes is limited. Moreover, variability in time since amputation complicates the generalisability of findings, as this factor significantly influences adaptation and functional outcomes. While MPKs prove effective in enhancing mobility and reducing risk of fall, their benefits may not fully apply to under-represented groups, such as older adults, females, or low-activity users. Future research should prioritise more diverse participant samples to improve the generalisation of MPK outcomes across different demographics and functional levels.