SACM - Ireland
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Item Restricted Sustainable Supply Chain Practices: Benefits and Challenges in the Middle East(Dublin Business School, 2025) Hakami, Abdulaziz; Paul, PJThere is a significance of sustainable supply chain practices (SSCM) have a significant role in reducing environmental impacts. In this case, it enhances brand reputation by facilitating operational profitability. In this case, emerging technologies such as IoT, AI, and blockchain have a significant role in optimising supply chains. The study highlights the critical role of governments and regulatory bodies in developing SSCM practices through policies, frameworks, and incentives like tax benefits. However, challenges such as high costs of advanced technology, lack of sustainability awareness, and inadequate infrastructure hinder adoption. For the research, primary data collection was collected through semi-structured interviews with employees in Middle Eastern industries. It is found that effective regulatory frameworks and incentives facilitate sustainable supply chains which also improve resource efficiency. Sustainable practices like waste reduction and energy-efficient solutions provide significant environmental, economic, and social benefits that achieve global sustainability goals. However, economic and technological challenges are highlighted which emphasize the need for financial incentives, public-private partnerships, technological access, and employee skill development.9 0Item Restricted House Dust Mites in Irish Homes: Their Recovery, Associated Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance(University of Galway, 2024) Aljohani , Amal; Gerard FlemingAbstract Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) is amongst the most common house dust mite (HDM) species in Europe, and is associated with allergy and respiratory conditions in human beings. For Chapter 1, House Dust Mites (HDM) were sampled from fabrics by means of vacuuming. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus specimens were added to cotton, denim and fleece and the efficiency of two vacuuming protocols were tested. Protocol 1 involved a single pass of the vacuum head across the fabrics for 60, 90 and 120 seconds and Protocol 2 encompassed multi-directional vacuuming for the same time periods, after which the recovery of HDM was determined for both protocols. Protocol 2 (120 seconds vacuuming) was the most efficient for the recovery of HDM, particularly for the recovery of entrapped HDM in denim and cotton weaves. Chapters 3 and 4 detail the bacterial microbiome/resistome of HDM. Dust samples were collected from 56 homes in Galway, Ireland, between 2020 and 2022. Mites were recovered from household dust in 80% of homes and D. pteronyssinus was the most abundant species. Viable and cultivable bacteria were isolated from the exoskeleton of HDM, and the exoskeleton was predominately populated by Staphylococci (Staphylococcus equorum was the most abundant species detected). Exoskeleton-associated bacteria showed resistance to monobactam and carbapenen among others. Staphylococcus epidermidis survived on the exoskeleton of D. pteronyssinus for eight days during laboratory studies. With a culture-independent approach, Staphylococci dominated the microbiome of household-sampled mites (whole-mite approach). The bacterial microbiomes of HDM and household dust were significantly correlated. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARG) encoding for multi-drug resistance, macrolide- lincosamide-streptogramin B, mobile genetic elements, beta-lactam, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides were detected in both mites and household dust. The mite and household dust resistome were significantly correlated but a history of antibiotic use in the domestic setting did not influence the magnitude of ARGs detected.6 0Item Embargo The Impact of Child Protection Training on Nurses’ Self-Efficacy in Detection and Reporting of Child Abuse in Saudi Arabia(Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 2024) Almutairi, Albandari; Corry, Margarita; Hughes, MaryBackground: The World Health Organisation (WHO) has reported that child abuse and neglect constitute major international health problems that cause unacceptable morbidity and mortality. These forms of maltreatment can have severe physical and psychological effects on children’s development that persist into adulthood. Early detection of abuse and removing children from potentially hazardous and perilous conditions pose significant challenges. Nurses who care for children and families are uniquely positioned to identify children at risk of abuse and neglect during visits and have the opportunity to initiate interventions to prevent future harm. However, barriers such as a lack of experience, training, and confidence in handling abuse cases exist. Several training programmes have been developed to enhance nurses’ abilities to recognise and report child abuse. Studies demonstrate that these training programmes effectively improve nurses’ awareness, detection, and reporting of child abuse and neglect. In Saudi Arabia, The National Family Safety Program provides non-mandatory training to healthcare practitioners to support them in identifying and reporting child abuse cases through the Child Protection Multidisciplinary Training Programme (CPMTP) in multiple healthcare sites. The concept of self-efficacy has been used to assess the outcomes of clinical training programmes in other fields, as positive effects on self-efficacy should translate to desirable practice patterns. To date, few studies have explored the impact of child abuse training on nurses’ self-efficacy in recognising and responding to known and suspected cases of child abuse and neglect. Furthermore, none of these studies have been conducted in Saudi Arabia. Aim: To explore the impact of child abuse training on nurses’ self-efficacy in recognising and responding to known and suspected cases of child abuse and neglect (CAN) in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study was conducted across three regions of Saudi Arabia, with participation from nurses caring for children, using the Child Abuse Neglect Reporting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CANRSEQ). The questionnaire was administered in online and hard-copy formats across all three regions, with a completion time averaging under 20 minutes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation analyses using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 software. Findings: The response rate was 77% (n = 247) among staff nurses. The majority (75.5%) had not reported any cases of child abuse or neglect in the past. The findings indicate that 73.2% (n = 164) did not receive any formal CAN cases. Additionally, 19.2% (n = 43) of the respondents had undergone formal training sessions concerning CAN, and 10.4% (n = 23) attended the CPMTP provided by NFSP. The study’s findings showed a significant difference in self-efficacy expectations (EEs) on the SE-CAN scale. However, there was no significant difference in outcome expectation (OE) scores between those who attended CAN training and those who did not, as measured by the OE-CAN scale. The respondents generally reported being more confident in handling known abuse cases than in suspected abuse cases. Self-efficacy in detecting and reporting CAN differed among education groups when measuring the relationship between personal characteristics and professional self-efficacy in nurses. Those who had a postgraduate degree and attended a training programme reported a statistically significant higher self-efficacy score (i.e., EES, EEK, OE; mean = 3.4864 ± 0.56619) compared to those with a bachelor's degree (mean 3.2337 ± 0.59468, p < .05). Conversely, no significant differences were found in self-efficacy based on other personal characteristics such as age, gender, or marital status (p > 0.05). Regarding knowledge of the law, most of the participants, 70.7% (n = 164), believed they had a legal obligation to report cases where a child or young person was at risk of physical or sexual abuse. However, the lowest percentage, 42.1% (n = 98), was recorded for cases where a prenatal report was made, but the birth mother did not receive adequate support services. Conclusion: This study is the first in Saudi Arabia to investigate the impact of child abuse training on nurses’ ability to identify and respond to CAN. The results provide an important contribution to our understanding of nurses’ self-efficacy in managing such cases, as they highlight the specific areas where nurses feel most confident and capable. Additionally, the findings shed light on potential areas for improvement and the need for targeted interventions to enhance nurses’ self-efficacy in specific aspects of CAN. The underreporting of child abuse is attributed to various barriers, but training programmes can significantly improve nurses’ confidence in reporting abuse cases. Notably, nurses are more confident in reporting known cases rather than suspected cases, and the ability to detect abuse is dependent on the type of abuse being investigated (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse). Therefore, training programmes must enhance nurses’ confidence and provide them with clear guidelines for mandatory reporting and support in navigating these challenges.29 0Item Restricted Electron FLASH beams from a modified Elekta Precise LINAC: characterisation and dosimetry(University College Dublin, 2024-12) Mousli, Majed Hussain; Vintró, Luis LeónRadiotherapy treatment aims to administer a substantial dose of ionising radiation to the tumour volume while limiting exposure to surrounding healthy tissue to reduce potential side effects. Typically, daily fractionated doses of about 2 Gy each, extended over an average of around 20 fractions (typically ranging from 5 to 39 fractions) across diverse tumour sites are employed. This conventional dose fractionation utilises techniques like 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to deliver the dose, with average dose rates varying from 6 Gy/min (using conventional flattened beams) to 24 Gy/min (employing flattening filter-free (FFF) beams) to expedite treatment duration and enhance patient comfort. Recently, FLASH radiotherapy, which makes use of ultra-high dose rates (UHDR) of >40 Gy/s to irradiate targets, has been the subject of much research. This approach holds the potential to augment the therapeutic ratio and significantly reduce treatment times, where the therapeutic ratio signifies the balance between tumour control probability (TCP) and normal tissue control probability (NTCP) likelihood. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of making use of a suitably modified standard radiotherapy linear accelerator (LINAC) to produce FLASH level electron beams, and to characterise the resulting beams with a range of different detectors, including a novel inorganic scintillator detector. As a first step in this study, a Monte Carlo (MC) model of the Elekta Precise LINAC was developed using the EGSnrc MC code to characterise conventional systems utilising 10, 12, and 15 MeV electrons. The MC model was employed to investigate the effect of making changes to the LINAC towards achieving FLASH-level beams, and to assess detector responses, encompassing dose, dose linearity, and dose rate dependence when subjected to FLASH beam conditions. The model's validation was performed against an advanced Markus ionising chamber (AMIC) and Gafchromic EBT XD film measurements for both conventional and modified LINAC set ups. The results showed very good agreement between simulated and measured data, with depth dose percentages (PDD), as well as the relative distances R90, R50, and Rp giving variations within ±1 mm for both conventional LINAC across the 10, 12, and 15 MeV electron energies and modified LINAC for the 12 MeV electron energy. Bremsstrahlung contamination was found to be 1% and 2% for conventional LINAC and modified LINAC, respectively. The beam profiles showed deviations of ±2% (cross-plane) and (in-plane) for the 12 MeV electron beam under conventional and modified LINAC conditions. In conclusion, the MC model demonstrates robust agreement between measured and calculated data for both conventional and modified LINAC settings, offering potential utility in validating diverse dosimetry detectors for assessing dose, dose rate, and dose per pulse (DPP) dependencies under FLASH irradiation. The second objective was to characterise multiple dosimetric detectors using a modified Elekta Precise linear accelerator (LINAC) to generate an electron FLASH beam for radiotherapy (eFLASH-RT), achieving radiobiological research-level FLASH conditions, and to compare the results with those predicted using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The 12 MeV electron beam was adapted into an eFLASH setup by adjusting beam parameters and positioning the carousel at an open port with primary and secondary scattering foils. A microcontroller unit (MCU) circuit was used to control the pulse count. Gafchromic EBT-XD films were used to established PDD, beam profiles and DPP, and these were validated against MC simulations. Both conventional beam radiotherapy (CONV-RT) and eFLASH-RT showed that the simulated and measured data for reference depths R90, R50, and Rp agreed to within ± 1 mm. Gamma analysis, with passing rates >95% (gamma criteria 3%/3mm), showed good PDD and beam profile agreement. DPP changed with SSD (54 to 150 cm) from 0.2 to 0.025 cGy/pulse in CONV-RT to 60 to 8 cGy/pulse in FLASH-RT, with negligible differences (< 2 cGy) between MC and each detector. By taking secondary scattering foils out of the beam path and reducing the SSD, the model predicted that dose rates in excess of 40 Gy/s could be achieved. This was confirmed by using the PTW AMIC detector and EBT XD films. The model was used to analyse parameters like PDD, large-field beam profiles, dose, dose rate, and DPP dependencies. The results of this study demonstrate that the modified LINAC can be used as a tool to assess dosimetry detectors for FLASH radiotherapy, potentially aiding online real-time radiation dose evaluation during therapy and facilitating radiobiological investigations into eFLASH-RT's cellular impact. The final part of the thesis investigated the use of a novel inorganic scintillating detector (ISD) employing Gd2O2S:Tb with a short temporal resolution (2.8 ms), as well as a plastic scintillation material (PSD), for real-time dosimetry in ultra-high dose rate applications. The modified LINAC was used to deliver a 12-MeV electron FLASH beam (eFLASH) at an average dose rate of 85 Gy/s. The response of the scintillation dosimeters (operated using the HYPERSCINT radiation platform) were compared to that of the AMIC detector across various field sizes and electron applicators to assess linearity, repeatability, DPP, and output factors at a 4-cm water-equivalent depth. The plastic (PSD) and inorganic scintillator detector (ISD) measurements were validated against EBT-XD Gafchromic films and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Relative IC measurements exhibited linear behaviour, with PSD and ISD responses differing within 1% and 14%, respectively, over a 50 to 7000 cGy range. PSD maintained linearity with increasing pulse repetition frequency (PRF) up to 172 Hz (max value 1.1), while ISD response at 40, 72, and 172 Hz yielded linearity indices of 1.2, 1.35, and 1.24. PSD and ISD showed consistent dose responses under ultrahigh dose rate conditions, agreeing within 4% with EBT-XD film readings. Furthermore, DPP linearity at different SSDs was studied, yielding favourable agreement for 5 cm2 field sizes using EBT-XD film, AMIC, and MC models. The novel PSD and ISD detectors, integrated into the HYPERSCINT platform, demonstrated a robust response to 12 MeV eFLASH beam irradiation, accommodating DPP of up to 0.65 Gy and an ultra-high dose rate of 85 Gy/s. This work will establish a versatile dosimetry platform that will be applicable to various research domains, including in vitro and in vivo radiobiology investigations of ultrahigh dose rate irradiation.11 0Item Restricted The Role of e-leadership on Remote Decision Making: Key Learnings from the COVID-19 Pandemic(Cork University Business School, 2024) Alsqeah, Latifah; Adam, Frederic; Treacy, StephenThis thesis investigates the role of e-leadership competencies in decision-making processes within private businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic forced a rapid transition to remote work, necessitating a deeper understanding of how leaders adjust to virtual environments and employ e-leadership practices. Despite the growing relevance of remote work, empirical studies on e-leadership remain scarce, particularly in the context of decision-making—a core leadership responsibility. This research addresses this gap by exploring the importance and impact of e-leadership competencies on remote decision-making and the value propositions these competencies present. The primary objective of this study was to investigate how e-leadership competencies influenced decision-making among private-sector leaders in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 crisis. A qualitative field study was conducted through interviews with 19 leaders from various private sectors, including software development, logistics, oil mining, and training services. These interviews provided in-depth insights into how leaders faced the challenges of remote decision-making during the pandemic. The findings indicated that leaders recognised two key e-leadership competencies, e-communication and e-technology, as crucial for facilitating remote decision-making. These skills enabled managers to maintain clear and consistent communication with their staff, utilising advanced technology to manage remote work successfully. Critical competencies such as e-trust, e-team, and e-change were also recognised as essential, highlighting their significance in building trust, managing teams, and supporting change in a remote environment. Interestingly, 70% of participants considered e-social competency crucial, yet not all leaders agreed, indicating differing viewpoints on the role of social skills in e-leadership. Through this analysis, two theoretical models emerged from the findings: i.A preliminary model of e-leadership competencies’ impact on remote decision-making processes. ii.A preliminary model of the value propositions of remote decision-making. These models identified seven key impacts influencing decision-making in a remote work environment, alongside five primary value propositions related to remote decision-making. This research makes several significant contributions to the IS field and practice. Firstly, it empirically validates and extends Roman et al.'s (2019) e-competency framework by applying it to the context of remote decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. This application resulted in the development of two preliminary models that explain the impact of e-leadership competencies on decision-making processes in remote work environments. Secondly, the study fills a significant gap in the literature by identifying new value propositions associated with remote decision-making. Lastly, the research broadens the understanding of e-leadership in the context of private businesses, offering practical implications for managing remote work during disruptions and contributing valuable insights to the literature on business continuity and e-leadership. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of how e-leadership competencies influence remote decision-making in a disrupted remote work environment. The findings highlight the essential role of e-competencies in navigating the challenges of remote work, offering both theoretical advancements and practical guidance for leaders facing similar situations in the future. As organisations continue to adapt to the evolving landscape of remote working, the insights from this study will prove valuable in understanding and enhancing the effectiveness of remote decision-making.20 0Item Restricted Nurses’ Experiences of Breaking Bad News in Oncology Settings With Adolescents and Young People(Trinity College Dublin, 2024-08-22) Alyami, Malak; Murphy, MaryanneABSTRACT Background: Oncology nurses communicate with adolescents and young adults (AYAs) at the end of life to break bad news, communicate important information, or gain insight into the patient’s condition, anxiety, fear, or pain. However, oncology nurses face many barriers to communicating with AYAs to break bad news at the end of life, so identifying these barriers is an essential step in overcoming them. What barriers do oncology nurses face when communicating with AYAs to break bad news at the end of life? Aim: To conduct a systematic review examining barriers oncology nurses face when communicating with AYAs to break bad news at the end of life. Methods: A systematic review question was developed, a search strategy was defined, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the search results. Afterwards, a quality assessment of the included studies was conducted, and data extraction was conducted according to JBI standards and protocol. The meta-aggregative approach was applied, and the extracted data were grouped into prominent themes. Results: The search and selection strategy resulted in 2,080 studies to which the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. After filtering the studies, 20 remained. Four met the high-quality assessment criteria and were included in the thematic analysis and meta-aggregative process. The analysis and synthesis process resulted in the emergence of five main themes related to the barriers faced by oncology nurses in breaking bad news to AYAs at the end of life: 1) communication skills and experiences of oncology nurses, 2) individual barriers, 3) professional barriers, 4) institutional barriers, and 5) societal barriers to breaking bad news. Conclusions: Oncology nurses face many barriers related to their lack of competence and effective communication skills. These barriers may be professional or related to the lack of protocols for breaking bad news and communicating with AYA oncology patients. They may also be due to institutional barriers resulting from inadequate resources, time, and nurses. In addition, the relationships between nurses and multidisciplinary teams, the overlap of tasks, and the lack of clarity of roles in the process of breaking bad news constitute barriers to the success of the communication process, in addition to the linguistic and cultural diversity between nurses, patients, and their families, which constitute major challenges in the communication process.17 0Item Restricted Pedagogy Potential of Social Media in Saudi Arabia Curricula: students' and teachers' perceptions and practices(University of Limerick, 2024-05) Alhassan, Yousef; Murray, Liam; Giralt, MartaSocial media tools are commonly used in everyday life in the 21st century. Social media has influenced many areas in our lives including education. Social media is widely researched in the area of English as a foreign language (EFL). Research into social media as a supportive tool in the curriculum has been reported with different perspectives. Some scholars (Mohammed et al., 2023; Lashari et al., 2023) have found it useful in improving the performance of English language learners and others have indicated (Nkhi, 2023; Asafo-Adjei, 2023) negative impacts of integrating social media in EFL classrooms. The present doctoral research aimed at exploring the perceptions and practices of teachers and students at 3rd level education towards using social media as a tool in curricula in Saudi Arabia. This research targeted learners and teachers of EFL in Saudi Arabia. The study investigation included the student use of social media, the student’s perceptions of social media, teacher’s use of social media and the teacher’s perceptions surrounding social media. Moreover, this research suggested several practices that can be useful for teachers and learners of EFL. A mixed method approach of quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted to collect the data for the study using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews for the two targeted groups, teachers and students. These tools are used to explore the perceptions and attitudes of the participants towards using social media as a tool in EFL classrooms. The data were analysed using statistical analysis for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for the qualitative data. Overall, the results of the research indicated that using social media in curricula appeal to both teachers and students with concerns regarding distraction that social media may cause and the possibility to find appropriate approaches that can be adopted to implement social media in EFL classrooms.19 0Item Restricted Myeloid Differentiation of Resident Vascular Stem Cells (mVSCs) into Macrophage-Like Cells (MLCs) in Response to Ox-LDL and Cholesterol(dublin city University, 2024-09) Muhayla Alanazi; Cahill, paulA hallmark of subclinical atherosclerosis is the build-up of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC)- like cells and non-SMC cells, particularly macrophage-like cells (MLCs), which cause intimal medial thickening (IMT), lipid buildup, plaque development and blood flow restriction that can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Previous cell fate mapping studies have implicated a putative role for SMCs and resident S100β vascular stem cells (mVSCs) in promoting lesion formation, prior to plaque development. The specific aim of this study was to assess whether murine and human S100β vascular stem cells are capable of myeloid differentiation to MLCs when exposed to atherogenic stimuli cholesterol, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in vitro before their response was compared to murine and human SMCs. MLC phenotype was determined by morphological changes, immunocytochemical and immunophenotyping of macrophage surface markers using flow cytometry, in addition to histochemical analysis of lipid droplets and real-time PCR analysis of macrophage phenotypic markers. The data reveal that murine and human SMC-like cells exposed to atherogenic stimuli in vitro increased their expression of myeloid phenotypic markers, typical of MLCs. Moreover, S100β vascular stem cells were also capable of myeloid differentiation but to a greater extent than SMCs in culture in response to the same atherogenic stimuli in vitro. These data suggest that S100β vascular stem cells may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention to reduce the number of MLCs in atherosclerotic lesions.3 0Item Restricted Systematic Review The Impact of Sedentary Behaviour on Health Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary(Galway University, 2024-08-25) Alshareef, Ibrahim; Said, Marwa; Marah, FeghaliThe Impact of Sedentary Behaviour on Health Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary3 0Item Restricted Application of a Targeted Proteomics Strategy for the Development of a Blood Protein Signature for Breast Cancer Stratification and Prognostication(University College Dublin, 2024-05) Metwali, Essraa; Pennington, StephenBreast cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in women worldwide, affecting roughly 3 million and of these 15 to 20% of cases are triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In comparison to other types of breast cancer, TNBC is distinguished by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This makes it a particularly challenging therapeutic target due to its lack of specific receptor signalling pathways that can be targeted therapeutically. Patients with TNBC often experience systemic relapse and poor prognosis. The traditional treatment guidelines for early TNBC are based on chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation to prevent disease recurrence. Although novel treatments are constantly being introduced for BC, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is the primary treatment option for TNBC. Therefore, the approach to treating early TNBC has shifted towards neoadjuvant treatment (NAC), given to the patient before surgery. This approach aims to reduce tumour size, thus improving the chances of surgical intervention and reducing the risk of recurrence. Research has proven that NAC prior to surgery is associated with 30% of patients achieving pathological complete response (pCR), directly linked to improved survival rates. Thus, a novel predictive biomarker of NAC response is paramount to selecting patients with good prognoses, de-escalating systemic treatment to minimize chemotherapy toxicities, and increasing the likelihood of achieving pCR. So, the objective of this study is to apply mass spectrometry-based proteomics to serum samples from TNBC patients (both those who achieved pCR and those who did not) who have received NAC to identify i) biomarkers that might measure response to NAC, ii) biomarkers that might correlate with the extent of residual disease. Serum samples from TNBC patients were provided by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), following ethical guidelines and approval. Patient samples included in this study had undergone NAC treatment, anthracyclines and taxanes, for approximately 3-5 months before surgery. Patients were then distinguished based on whether they achieved pCR during surgery or not. In this study, there are two essential proteomic approaches to identify and initially verify biomarkers: discovery and targeted proteomics. Label-free LC-MS/MS based protein discovery was undertaken on depleted serum samples from both patient groups, revealing a total of 19 significant proteins and 124 unique peptides, that could be beneficial for classifying TNBC patients who would achieve residual disease after the NAC. These candidate biomarkers along with those identified in literature reviews, and tissue-based gene expression data (Human Protein Atlas), are being incorporated into the development of targeted proteomics multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays. Robust MRM assays were successfully designed and developed for a total of 73 proteins represented by x 84 peptides to facilitate further verification and evaluation of these proteins of interest. MRM measurements of the 73 candidate biomarker proteins were performed on serum samples acquired from the same patients used in the discovery approach, verifying the significant changes in expression between patients with and without disease recurrence. The results identified a subpanel of 6 proteins, with 5 identified in the discovery approach and one from the literature, indicating potential for prognosis assessment. The second part of the study utilized three different TNBC cell lines to assess the robustness of the developed MRM assays. Several detectable proteins were identified across the three cell lines, CAL-5, MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB 436 cells. Moreover, the successful performance of the MRM assays led to the identification of three proteins that were significantly expressed across the three cell lysates, offering insight into potential functions and aiding in understanding the variation observed in TNBC. All protein measurements reported in this study were achieved with a high degree of reproducibility resulting from the technical rigor under which all phases of the experimental process were undertaken. Overall, these studies highlight the utility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics to address key unmet clinical needs in TNBC. Namely, the need for novel serum-based protein biomarkers to distinguish and early prognostication between TNBC patient groups who are being treated with NAC. Besides, the development of a robust MRM method for identifying protein biomarkers associated with NAC responses in both TNBC group may serve as a valuable resource for ongoing research and in the BC research community internationally.4 0