SACM - Malaysia

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9660

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FACTORS PREDICTING TEACHER BURNOUT: THE MODERATION ROLE OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT
(Journal of Special Needs Education (NASE Malaysia), 0019-12-20) ALSAGOOR KHALID; Prof. Dr.Loh Sau Cheong
The terminal objectives of this study are to examine: the direct effects of stressors on teacher burnout and the moderation effects of social support on the relation between stressors and teacher burnout. A total sample of 202 special education teachers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia completed a 68-item digital countrywide survey questionnaire delivered through email to all special education teachers. For current study, hypotheses were tested based on structural equation modelling (SEM). Results revealed that: (1) role overload had shown significant direct effects on the three dimensions of teacher burnout; (2) role ambiguity had shown significant direct effects on the three dimensions of teacher burnout; (3) role conflict had shown significant direct effects on depersonalization and decreased personal accomplishment; (4) no moderation effect for social support on the relationship between stressors and the three dimensions of teacher burnout.
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Transportation Issues and Challenges: A case study
(Saudi Digital Library, 2012) Bash, Abdulaziz; KUMAR, RAVINDRA
As the Quran dictates, Mecca is the honor God to be the kiss of the Muslims, and the dearest to the hearts of Every Muslim who are required to pray five times a day. Mecca must be visited by Muslims at least once in a lifetime. After the imposition of Allah almighty, Hajj increased its importance which established the foundations of urban development in Mecca and grew steadily with successive planning process. At all stages of planning at Haram al-Sharif the central point which is the center of gravity for cultural Mecca and all development strategies in Mecca took into account the historical and religious background and during the past three decades Mecca have seen two important matters. The first is the comprehensive development of the road network which is based on the implementation of a network of roads linking the cities to Mecca with each other and that beat the cruel mountainous terrain with circular radial roads which then led to the construction of tunnels under high mountains separating these areas from the area of Haram al-Sharif and linking Mecca north-south and east and west region as well as linking the holy sites and the areas of the holy sites linking to each other. Some of these tunnels are devoted for pedestrian traffic leading to the Pebbles Square at Haram al-Sharif. The second important matter is that Saudi Arabia is the expansion of the Haram al-Sharif, which started in the reign of King Abdel Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud.
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CRITICALLY ANALYZING SHARI’AH ISSUES AND LEGAL DOCUMENTATION IN BBA & MUSHARAKAH MUTANAKISA FOR ISLAMIC HOME FINANCING
(Saudi Digital Library, 2014) Bash, Abdulaziz; SULAIMAN, ARIS
Islamic home finance rests on the general idea of extending tenets of Islamic religious belief to economic activity in a way that enhances social welfare. BBA is a deferred sale contract whereby the buyer is given the benefit of a deferred payment, and the deferred price of the sale object carries an additional profit. The idea underlying transaction of the BBA based on the murabahah concept of a cost plus contract, whereby the sale price (with profit) of the commodity is paid in installments over a long period. Musharakah means partnership and Mutanaqisah means to diminish. So MusharakahMutanaqisah means diminishing partnership because, it is a joint partnership contract between the financial institution and its client. The client begins to purchase the share of the financial institution until he owns the whole property. The purpose of this qualitative case study research was to explore/examine the issues arising from the practical implementation of Musharakah Mutanaqisah and Murabaha/ BBA. To this end, data collection was elicited through document content analysis, oral interview and administration of survey questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by using the SPSS Version 20 on the item questionnaire; while, a case study method which involved breaking the interview into themes, comparing the participants’ views and determining the commonality among their views was utilized for the interview data. Result findings indicated that MM is generally preferred as against BBA for Islamic Home financing due to the fact that the former is very much congruent with the Maqasid of al-Shariah.
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MEASURING THE USE OF LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS) IN TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE AMONG TEACHERS IN SAUDI ARABIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
(Saudi Digital Library, 2022-06-08) Alsaaid, Adeem; Abd Razak, Norizan; Wahi, Wahiza
Numerous studies have shown the necessity for learning management systems (LMS) for teachers in various locations around the world in recent times. Instructors dominate the learning process in the Saudi education system, and students look to them as their primary source of information. Thus, in order to have a profound understanding, this study used two approaches: the quantitative approach used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), to examine the major factors (Performance Expectancy; Effort Expectancy; Social Influence; and Facilitating Condition) affecting the adoption of e-learning systems and the differences in gender roles among university instructors. Also, this study applied the qualitative approach in order to triangulate and verify the findings. In terms of the data collection, in the quantitative approach, a self-administered questionnaire was used, and data were obtained from 190 English instructors from 28 Saudi Arabian public colleges. For the qualitative section of the study, an interview based on semi structure was conducted. The interview was guided by interview protocol (interview guide), thus 14 informants were interviewed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (quantitative) and thematic analysis (qualitative) were used to evaluate the proposed research. So, the results of this study showed that performance expectancy and social influence are significant predictors in influencing instructors’ behavioural intention (BI) to use a blackboard system (BBS), whereas effort expectancy facilitating conditions showed insignificant results with behavioural intention (BI). Subsequently, behavioural intention (BI) was significantly related to actual user behaviour. This study also examined gender as a moderator in the relation of behavioural intention (BI) to use the blackboard system (BBS) and actual usage behaviour of (BBS). Therefore, the results revealed that the interaction effect of ‘Gender’ was significantly moderate to the relationship between (BI) to use (BBS) and actual usage behaviour of blackboard system (BBS), which was stronger for females compared to males. In addition, from the qualitative data, the study further concluded that the best practice of teaching foreign languages such as English in Saudi Arabia lies in the three modes of teaching. These modes of teaching include; the traditional method (face-to-face), the online method, and the group discussion. As shown in the qualitative analysis that for better teaching and learning for the student, teachers should adopt the online mode available to them. Concerning technology in teaching foreign languages, it is concluded that most teachers in Saudi prefer to use the old method than the new method (online). This is due to its technical problem, high cost, and lack of adaptation by the teachers. The study further concluded that only through the use of technology in education gender segregation can be minimised in a country such as Saudi. Therefore, technology can play a vital role in minimising gender segregation in education. Thus, the model of this study has provided theoretical contributions by filling in gaps and offering accurate information followed up by conclusive evidence. This technique can also be used by universities to boost job performance, maintain instructors with high potential and talent in Saudi Arabia, and strengthen instructors' perceptions of (LMS).
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Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel produced from restaurant waste frying oil based on acidic pretreatment
(2022-06-20) Alsaadi, Sami Farraj; Ahmad, Mardiana Idayu
The high demand for energy resources and the exaggeration of fossil fuel-related problems in the environment encouraged researchers to find other energy resources that can achieve sustainability. Waste frying oils (WFOs) are promising feedstock for biodiesel production as an alternative eco-friendly energy resource. However, the higher content of free fatty acids (FFA) and acid value are the major drawbacks of utilizing WFOs in biodiesel production. In this project, two approaches were compared to reduce acid value and FFA content in WFOs, acidic pretreatment and metallic pretreatment. Hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids were tested on the same esterification reaction conditions. Hydrochloric acid succeeded to reduce the acid value from 6.45 to 0.38±0.01 mg KOH/g and FFA content from 3.22% to 19%. In contrast, calcium, manganese, and ferric chlorides were tested as metallic catalysts to reduce the acid value and FFA of the WFO sample on unified reaction conditions. The best result was obtained by calcium chloride where it reduced the same WFO sample into 1.2±0.15 mg KOH/g and 0.6% for acid value and FFA, respectively. Biodiesel fuel was synthesized from acidic pretreated WFO based on optimized transesterification as 1:9, 1.5 w/w%, 65 ℃, and 1.5 h for oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time, respectively. The highest biodiesel yield was 95.50% which complied with biodiesel standards of ASTM D6751, EN 14214, and MS2008:2008 with the exception of cloud and pour points. This study project conducted that acidic pretreatment is superior to reducing the acid value and FFA of WFOs toward sustainable biodiesel production..
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THE WAQFS OF THE FURQAN ASSOCIATION IN TAIF FOR MEMORIZING THE QURAN AND ITS ROLE IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MALAYS, 2022-09-30) Almalki, Abdulrahman Saee; Yaacob, Ahmad
Sustainable development encompasses all dimensions of human progress and aims to improve living conditions without increasing the use of natural resources. The most significant challenge of sustainable development is the eradication of poverty, as poverty may lead to various societal issues, including blasphemy. It is known that poverty is prevalent among Muslims and is more common in Muslim-majority countries compared to others. Therefore, the main question is: what is the role of Islamic waqf institutions in addressing this issue, and does the Furqan Association have a role in solving it. The researcher employed a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and library research to collect and analyze the data. The official data published by the association on its website, including administrative, financial, and organizational information, was used, in addition to conducting interviews. Interviews were conducted with six of the association's employees, and the data was analyzed using MAXQDA software to determine the state of waqf, the challenges to its development and growth, as well as its impact on sustainable development. The study reached several findings, the most important of which is that Islamic waqf has a clear impact on achieving sustainable development in general, and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in particular. This finding also applies to the Furqan Association for Qur'an Memorization in Taif. Another result is that increasing waqf assets in both quantity and quality will lead to greater contributions to sustainable development and improved quality of education. Among the key recommendations is to increase support for the association's waqf projects, given their significant role in promoting sustainable development. It is also recommended that sustainable development be prioritized as one of the association's primary goals, in line with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 for sustainable development Keywords: Sustainable Development, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Islamic Waqf, Furqan Association for Qur'an
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Factors Influencing Perceived Retirement Saving Adequacy Among Public Universities Employees in Saudi Arabia
(2023) Ghadwan, Ahmad Saleh M; Wan Ahmad, Wan Marhaini; Hisham Hanifa, Mohamed
The ultimate aim of this research is to investigate the measurable variables that could influence employees in their perceived retirement saving adequacy. These factors comprise the employee’s capacity (basic and advanced financial literacy, financial selfefficacy), psychological (retirement goal clarity and financial risk tolerance), and economic (assets ownership and debt) factors. To carry out this task, this study employs the Capability, Willingness, and Opportunity (CWO) Model to comprehend the factors that influence retirement saving and planning behavior, which was tested on public universities employees in Saudi Arabia. The study also examines the moderating effects of culture and government policies affecting these theoretical factors given the unique Arabs culture as well as the Saudi Arabia 2030 Strategic Vision. The analysis is based on data collected via questionnaires involving 558 staff working at 29 Saudi public universities. The study employs Structural Equation Modelling-Smart-PLS (SEM-PLS) methodology to analyze the relationships among the variables. This methodology is chosen as it is the only quantitative method that can simultaneously process a complex relationship between latent variables, enabling this research to analyze more than one layer of relationships between variables under study. The research contributed significantly to the body of knowledge in relation to retirement saving adequacy by examining two theoretical models: the Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH) and Intentional Change Theory (ICT), on individuals’ awareness of PRSA practices. LCH provides the conceptual framework to explain, analyze, and predict the interaction and relationships between planning and saving on one side and investing for retirement on the other side among individuals. Meanwhile, ICT explains how employees intentionally start changing their consumption and saving behavior before reaching retirement age. An examination through the LCH and ICT lens gives a better understanding of financial planning processes and related retirement behaviors. The study found that, directly and indirectly, capacity, psychological, and external variables influence perceived retirement saving adequacy behavior. In the Saudi context, this thesis has found that only basic financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, retirement goal clarity, and asset ownership (other asset ownership) influenced perceived retirement saving adequacy among the sample respondents. This result suggests that several variables have assisted the respondents in planning and saving for their future and saving money, particularly for their retirement. Surprisingly, this thesis has found that asset ownership (homeownership) negatively influenced perceived retirement saving adequacy. The culture was found to affect the relationship between retirement goal clarity, asset ownership (homeownership), and perceived retirement saving adequacy. Meanwhile, government policy has affected the relationship between retirement goal clarity and debt (credit card loans). The diverse effects of each variable indicate the multi-throng responsibility of government agencies or policies like the Public Pension Agency (PPA) or Vision 2030 in developing a pension system that is deemed to be in accordance with the best interests of retirees.
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BOARD CAPITAL, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE QUALITY, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN SAUDI ARABIA: DOES CEO POWER MATTER?
(2023) MASWADI, LAILA ALI MOHAMMED; AMRAN, AZLAN
Corporate social responsibility has become a hot topic of investigation among researchers and many empirical studies have been conducted on the determinants of corporate social responsibility and the role of corporate social responsibility in organizational performance. The current trend in corporate social responsibility research has shifted to the reporting quality of organizations. With the trend shifting in CSR literature toward the quantity and quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure, this research endeavors to use Agency Theory and Resource Dependence Theory to investigate the relationship between board capital (human and social capital) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure quality in the Saudi non-financial firms. It further investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure quality and firm performance. Additionally, this research examines the moderating role of CEO power on the relationship between board capital and CSR disclosure quality. Given that influence of board capital is relatively low in Saudi firms, powerful CEOs seek to improve and sustain CSR disclosure quality. A total of 114 non-financial listed firms on the Saudi Stock Exchange for the year 2018 have been analyzed. The study finds that directors’ experience and directors’ interlocking have a positive significant impact on CSR disclosure quality in Saudi non-financial listed firms. It also finds that directors’ political ties negatively impact CSR disclosure quality. As well as finds that CEO power moderates the relationships between directors’ education, directors’ expertise, directors’ interlocking, and CSR disclosure quality in Saudi non-financial listed firms. Finally, the study reveals a positive significant relationship between CSR disclosure quality and firm performance in Saudi non-financial listed firms. Based on the results of this research, policy-makers might use the study’s findings to recognize the importance of both social and human capital attributes for board members in improving the low level of CSR disclosure quality in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the Capital Market Authority should also encourage companies to further address the quality of CSR disclosure, instead of solely focusing on quantity.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING INTENTION TO REPEAT USE OF ONLINE SHOPPING SITES AMONG FEMALE SHOPPERS IN WESTERN REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA
(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-01) Alshehri, Manal; Azman, Ali Noor; Sidek, Shafie; Hwa, Jacky
The leading theory used in this study is TAM, but this study adds additional factors, such as site quality, site credibility, and customer fashion lifestyle. Furthermore, the researcher added E-WOM as a moderating. Moreover, the researcher used judgment sampling and collected data from 320 participants through a self-administrated close-ended questionnaire. The findings show that perceived ease of use, site quality, and customer fashion lifestyle have a significant positive relationship with female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping. In contrast, usefulness and site credibility were not significant. Additionally, female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping significantly positively affect the intention to repeat the use of online shopping sites. Therefore, female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping mediate the relationship between perceived ease of use, site quality, customer fashion lifestyle, and the intention to repeat the use of online shopping sites with significant positive effects. On the other hand, female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping as a mediator in the relationship between perceived usefulness, site credibility, and the intention to repeat the use of online shopping sites have no significant influence. Moreover, ease of use has a significant positive relationship with usefulness and perceived usefulness mediates the relationship between perceived ease of use and female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping with significant positive effects. Besides, the testing of E-WOM as a moderating variable between female shoppers’ attitudes towards online shopping and the intention to repeat the use of online shopping sites has not been statistically significant. This study significantly contributes to the theoretical improvement, which extends the existing model's knowledge and opens a new direction for future research. This result will enable future policy improvement for online shopping sites in Saudi Arabia by providing more practical knowledge of the factors influencing female shoppers’ intention to repeat the use of online shopping sites.
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ATTITUDES, CHALLENGES AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEACHERS TEACHING WRITING IN PHYSICAL CLASSROOM AFTER THE PANDEMIC
(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-01-20) Almsawe, Raghad; Danarajan, Sharon Sharmini Victor
Writing is one of the four language components that EFL students should master, and it is particularly important for young students as they are required to write assignments and tasks. Also, the influence of teachers’ attitudes and factors that affected teachers' teaching writing as well as the challenges they faced can significantly influence students’ learning experiences. However, not much research has looked into teachers’ attitudes, factors and challenges teachers faced while teaching writing during and after the pandemic. Thus, the study aimed to explore and highlight attitudes, challenges, and factors that affected EFL female teachers teaching writing during online teaching and after the pandemic. This study adopts a quantitative approach and 76 EFL secondary school teachers from rural areas in Saudi Arabia were recruited for this study. An online questionnaire was the instrument in this study. The questionnaire is adapted from Ahmad (2016) focusing on teachers’ attitudes, factors and challenges toward teaching writing in both online and physical classrooms. The data were analysed thematically and using SPSS. The finding revealed that female teachers have negative attitudes toward teaching writing during online teaching. Teaching approach, time management and expectations are some of the factors that affected EFL teachers' teaching writing during the pandemic. Moreover, classroom assessment, home environment, and the role of the learners are other factors that affected teachers teaching writing in physical classrooms. Teachers in rural areas of Saudi Arabia faced serious challenges during teaching writing in both phases. Internet connections and lack of technological knowledge were the main challenges faced by EFL teachers teaching during the pandemic. Besides, the absence of family support and first language interference were found to be challenging in teaching writing in physical classrooms. Furthermore, the result of this study is expected to aid EFL teachers’ professional development in rural areas. This study hopes to provide new sights into teachers’ attitudes and challenges as well as the factors that affected teachers' teaching writing.
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GREEN SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR DESIGN FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN SAUDI ARABIA
(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-02-03) Mkhalad, Hanaa Eissa; Tarmizi, Zatil Izzah Binti Ahmad
The purpose of this study is to discover green interior design (GID) products and materials which increase the quality of life for households in Saudi Arabia; it investigated the role of the green economy in lowering the cost and establishing an effective environment inside the homes in terms of quality of life. This study research has the following objectives: (1) To investigate the trends and usage of green products for interior design in households in Saudi Arabia, (2) to evaluate how the potential use of green interior design materials reduces the negative impacts on the sustainability of the efficiency of households, (3) to assess the potential use of green interior design in the household units that contributes to improving the quality of life of the occupants of these units. In Addition, a questionnaire consisting of the parameters: Green energy, sustainable furniture, health and comfort, and green buildings with the dependent variable quality of life were used to collect data in this study. Furthermore, the population of this study was the sustainable (green) associations in Saudi Arabia, and the usable questionnaires 152 were returned. Simple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses, with SPSS software was used to analyze data. All the parameters were significant. This study recommended all Saudi households and researchers focus more on sustainable (green) interior design materials to cut costs and save health for people and the globe.
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR QUALITY, TRAFFIC, EDUCATION AND ONLINE WORKING IN EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-02-07) Almaliki, Tagreed Turki M; Bin Rambat, Shuib
The Coronavirus disease 2019, commonly known as Covid-19, is a contagious illness that has had a widespread impact on human life globally. Instead of it contagious affects, there is significant changes in air pollution during the pandemic highlight which improves the air quality and reducing traffic accidents. This research examines the relationship between air quality, traffic, and online working in Saudi education institutions. The study aims to investigate the influence of these factors on the online learning environment and shed light on their interconnectedness. The research employed a quantitative analysis through correlation analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate significant associations between air quality, traffic, and online working, highlighting their importance in shaping the engagement and effectiveness of online work and activities. Significant variations emerge from the mean scores obtained. For air quality, AQ2 shows notably lower agreement, while AQ4 has the highest agreement. Among traffic factors, T2 and T3 exhibit higher perceived influence. Within education factors, E2 garners substantial influence, contrasting with E5's comparatively lower impact. The reliability analysis yielded a coefficient of .874, indicating high internal consistency of the measurement instrument. The MRA demonstrates that the predictors (AQ, T, and E) account for 87% of the variation in the dependent variable (R-square = .870). This further supports the notion that the predictors significantly impact online working/doing activities online. The statistically significant F-value (F = 11.613, p < .05) indicates that the model has a significant overall fit and can be examined for its relationships.
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THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA MARKETING IN IMPROVING SAMSUNGS MOBILE COMPANY SALES IN SAUDI ARABIA
(Alhussain, Rawan, 2023-02-19) Alhussain, Rawan; SANAYAN, ZARINA BINTI
1-Digital marketing changes the landscape of companies by developing unique content. 2-we published the report to help others to have improved and more knowledge.
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HETEROGENEOUS FENTON DEGRADATION OF OFLOXACIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING Fe3O4-ZEOLITE, Fe3O4-MONTMORILLONITE AND Fe3O4-MONTMORILLONITE ALGINATE COMPOSITES
(2023-04) ALAMRI, RAHMAH DHAHAWI; Adnan, Rohana
The primary aim of this study is to develop an economical, stable and effective heterogeneous catalyst for wastewater remediation via the Fenton oxidation process. Fe3O4 can effectively activate H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals, but the particles agglomerate easily. To solve this problem, Fe3O4-zeolite (FeZ) and Fe3O4- montmorillonlite (FeM) composites were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method and characterized using various techniques. The performance of each of the catalysts was evaluated via the Fenton degradation of ofloxacin (OFL), an antibiotic and a recalcitrant pollutant because of its high activity and poor biodegradability. The effect of parameters such as amount of Fe precursor, catalyst dosage, initial solution pH, initial OFL concentration, different oxidants, H2O2 dosage, reaction temperature and inorganic salts on the OFL removal percentage were investigated.Loading of Fe3O4 onto zeolites resulted in the formation composites with higher surface area and pore volume. Experimental results revealed that as much as 88% OFL from the aqueous OFL solution 20 mg/L and 51.2% total organic carbon (TOC) could be removed in 120 min using FeZ-8 catalyst at the optimum condition. Since montmorillonite is capable to adsorb OFL at higher concentration, the OFL initial concentration was adjusted to 50 mg/L for FeM. The efficiency of the FeM composite in the removal of OFL from the aqueous solution was also investigated using the same experimental parameters. Under the optimum condition and at the pH of the neutral OFL solution via the heterogeneous Fenton in the presence of H2O2 was almost 81%, while the total organic carbon (TOC) reduction was about 56% in 120 minutes. Both FeZ and FeM composites show a decrease in the removal percentage by as much as 8.89 and 21.42% in the fifth cycle, respectively and this was assumed to be due to the high leaching of the Fe ions which are 56.19 and 65.37%, respectively. Since the Fenton degradation efficiency of FeM is higher compared to FeZ, the FeM composite was immobilized into calcium alginate to form FeMA composite beads to overcome this problem. Under otherwise the same condition, the OFL removal percentage using FeMA beads reaches about 80%, while the total organic carbon (TOC) removal reaches about 53% with a minimal decrease (2%) in the removal percentage in the fifth cycle. The composite beads could be easily separated, recycled and the leaching of iron ions is low, 0.142 mg/L (at the fifth cycle). Based on the experimental results, it is thus concluded that the FeMA composite beads synthesized has a great potential as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants such as antibiotic in real and large scale applications.
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ENHANCED NET VALENCE MODEL FOR ADOPTION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AMONG FEMALE NOVICE DRIVERS IN SAUDI ARABIA
(Saudi Digital Library., 2023-04-01) Alshaafee, Areej Ahmad Ayed; IAHAD, NOORMINSHAH A.
Autonomous Vehicles-Level4 (AVs) are vehicles which can drive themselves from point A to point B, without the need of any interaction from the driver because of the ability to sense the surroundings and to detect the objects and environment around. In 2018, Saudi females can finally drive by themselves after the ban was lifted. Since then, the kingdom is facing a big problem of female novice drivers from different ages which might make the kingdom such a risky place to drive. Therefore, AVs-Level4 would help novice drivers to overcome their fear of driving, decrease accidents and increase drive safety. Based on the literature, previous studies in pre-adoption of AVs focused narrowly on those who already have enough driving experience and already holding a valid driving license. Research on the pre-adoption of AVs-Level4 by novice drivers was still not well explored. Moreover, none of the previous studies had used Net Valence Model (NVM) for AVs pre-adoption to understand the benefits/risks surrounding the pre-adoption. Realizing this gap, this study aimed to propose an enhanced pre-adoption model for AVs by using NVM to identify the benefits/risks factors that influence the pre-adoption of AVs by novice drivers. This study extended NVM by adding three factors which are social influence, personal innovativeness, and alternatives attractiveness. The theoretical contribution of this study offered a theoretical model for measuring the intention to adopt AVs-Level4 by novice drivers. A survey method was applied using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from 1400 participants Saudi women novice drivers who had prior experience in driving AVs-Level4 at least once. Data analysis was performed using SmartPLS Version 3. The results show that individuals tend to ignore the potential risks and focus more on potential benefits. Performance expectancy, enjoyment, and effort expectancy were found to be positively related to perceived benefits. On the other side, financial and time risks were found to be positively related to perceived risks. Perceived risks as a construct did not directly influence the intention to adopt AVs-Level4 which means none of the five types of risks was directly influencing the pre-adoption. Among the additional factors for NVM, which were social influence, personal innovativeness, and alternatives attractiveness, this study found all three factors significantly influenced the pre-adoption. In addition, according to the results of Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis, social influence was found as the second most important factor toward the pre-adoption of AVs. Personal innovativeness and alternatives are the third and the fifth most important factor respectively toward the pre-adoption of AVs. Finally, the enhanced NVM model would help AVs-Level4 developers to identify the most critical factor influencing novice drivers’ behavioral intention to adopt AVs-Level4 from the novice drivers’ perspectives.
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF E-MODULAR INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS TO MINIMIZE ERRORS IN DECISION MAKING AMONG SAUDI FOOTBALL REFEREES
(2023-05-20) Alsayegh, Moayed Abdullah; Zainuddin, Zainal Abidin
Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. The referees are decision-makers during the match and sometimes make errors in the decision-making. These decision-making errors were attributed to emotional, physical, or personal traits and environmental factors. There were reported cases in which the Saudi referees made mistakes, and after scrutiny of their activities, those referees were sacked to serve as a deterrent to others. The main aim of this research is to investigate how modular instructional materials can be used to minimize errors in decision-making among Saudi referees. Also, this research develops e-module based learning for the Referees decision-making skills. A four-step method that included definition, design, development, and dissemination was used to develop an e-module. A total of 90 football referees have volunteered to take part in this study. Their age range is between 25 and 45 years old. They were randomly selected into two groups, consisting of 45 participants in each group, for the experimental purpose. The two groups underwent both the pre-test and the post-test. The two groups were tested before and after the training session. The control group was exposed to a logbook, while the experimental group was exposed to a decision-making e-module. The result shows that the experimental group was able to improve their decision-making ability on handball, law 1, challenge, penalty area incidents, offside, tactical foul, and law 2 over the control group. According to the findings, it is clear that using the e-module significantly improved the referees' ability to make decisions, which decreased the number of errors they committed. This study helped the Saudi football referees to enhance their decision-making abilities by developing an electronic module that enables participants to watch videos and a full explanation of the correct decision, and the elements that contributed to the decision-making. This study recommends creating video tests that require three choices to answer the question: first the decision, then the disciplinary decision, and adding the third option that represents the reason or consideration on which the correct answer is based. The addition of the third option shows the researchers how much more accurately the participant took advantage of the e-module. Researchers in the future ought to think about enlarging the sample to include more sports. A new theoretical framework for future research should be considered.
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BIFUNCTIONAL TRIS (8-HYDROXYQUINOLINATO) ALUMINIUM ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR-BASED THIN FILM FOR ULTRAVIOLET AND HUMIDITY SENSING
(2023-05-22) Alzahrani, Hanan Ahmed O; Supangt, Azzuliani; Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus
In the past decades, organic semiconductor materials have proven to be remarkably prospective in the applications of electronic devices. They have been utilized in optoelectronic devices, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and light sensors, as well as in various sensing studies. Organic-based devices are attractive due to their low production cost and easy processing technique compared to their inorganic counterparts. In this work, the organic semiconductor materials of 4,4’-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)- Nphenylamino],biphenyl (NPD) and tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium (Alq3) of a small molecule group have been selected as the main materials in the fabricated devices. In general, the active layers for electronic devices based on organic small molecules are mostly prepared using the thermal evaporation method, which is expensive and complicated. However, this study explores the possibility of utilizing a solution processing method in preparing an active sensing layer based on inexpensive small molecules of the Donor/Acceptor (NPD/Alq3). In the first phase, a visible-blind organic UV photodetector with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/NPD:Alq3/LiF/Al was fabricated, and its electrical performance was investigated. The active layer is in the form of a bulk heterojunction of the binary blend of organic NPD:Alq3 is prepared using a simple solution-processed method. The influence of different NPD:Alq3 blend ratios has been investigated in the optical study of the thin films and the electrical performance of the photodiode. The optical characteristic of the film is almost transparent at the visible wavelengths above 400 nm while exhibiting high absorption within the UV light region. Moreover, it possesses emission quenching of photoluminescence intensity when more Alq3 is added (i.e., 2 and 3) with respect to the NPD host. In the electrical characterization, the optimized device (1:2 blend ratio) exhibits high sensitivity without an externally applied voltage, which reveals that the UV photodetector could operate in self-powered mode. The device showed high sensitivity with a photocurrent to dark current ratio up to 1.30105. Furthermore, the device's electrical performance variation under the illumination of different UV light intensities from 0.1 to 40 mW/cm2 was tested. The maximum values achieved for responsivity and detectivity of the photodiode under zero bias voltage are 5.39 mA/W and 5.251011 Jones, respectively. Finally, the optimized device's rise time and decay time are estimated to be 0.34 and 0.28 s, respectively. In the second phase, the humidity sensor devices were fabricated in the planar geometry of Al/organic sensing layer/Al. The organic layer of pristine NPD and Alq3 and their evenly blended composite are deposited using a solution-processed spin coating technique onto ~67.5 μm gap between aluminium electrodes. Thermal annealing treatment is conducted to improve surface properties and enhance sensing parameters for the purpose of device optimization. The structure-property-performance relationship was investigated and established for organic-based thin films and the consequences on the electrical characteristics of the fabricated humidity sensor. Both capacitive and resistive measurement modes were performed with respect to the humidity level. The optimized sensitivity in both measurements is obtained for the annealed device at 100°C. The sensor shows repeatability behavior and consistency towards cyclic change in the relative humidity levels. The response and recovery time of the change between two distinct relative humidity levels of 5% and 100%RH are measured to be 11.17 s and 1.76 s, respectively.
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INFERENTIAL PROCEDURES FOR THE GENERALIZED EXPONENTIAL MODEL HAVING COVARIATE, WITH RIGHT AND INTERVAL CENSORED DATA
(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2023-05-23) Alharbi, Nada Mohammed Saeed M; Jayanthi, Arasan
In literature, there are various studies that incorporate censoring mechanisms to the generalized exponential model (GEM). This research aims to analyse generalized exponential models in the presence of right and interval-censored data with fixed covariates. The analysis starts with the extension of the GEM to incorporate fixed covariates in the presence of right and interval censored data. Parameters of the models under both censoring were estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. The performance of these estimates were assessed at various sample sizes (n) and censoring proportion (cp) via the bias, standard error (SE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Next the model was extended to incorporate interval censored data with covariate. The performance of the MLE using the midpoint, right, left, random imputations were compared at various sample sizes and censoring proportions via a simulation study. In addition, three asymptotic confidence interval procedures which included Wald, likelihood ratio, and score confidence intervals procedures were investigated through a coverage probability study when the data were both right and interval censored at various n and cp. Then, five alternative confidence intervals procedures, which included the jackknife, bootstrap-normal, bootstrap-t, bootstrap-p, bias correction acceleration bootstrap procedures were studied via a coverage probability study. This simulation study showed that overall, the Wald asymptotic and bootstrap normal alternative confidence intervals methods are recommended as a suitable inferential to estimate the parameters of the model using different sample sizes, interval length and censoring proportions. In summary, the simulation studies for each category indicate that the bias, standard error, and root mean square error are large when the cp is high, which indicates that the estimators perform better when the sample size is large, and the cp is low. Furthermore, the performance of the asymptotic confidence interval estimate indicates that the Wald confidence interval for the parameter β1 in the generalized exponential model, under both right and interval censoring, represent the most effective approach. In comparison to alternative confidence intervals, the bootstrap normal (b-n) method yields results significantly closer to the nominal error probability for parameters β0 and β1. Finally, to further support the findings of the simulation studies, we employ two real datasets with right and interval-censored data from lung and breast cancer datasets, respectively. The first dataset is an interval censored data from a breast cancer study with age as the covariate. The second dataset consists of right censored lung cancer data with age as the covariate. The results indicated that the GEM was a better fit for both datasets compared to the exponential distribution. The confidence interval estimation techniques were obtained for the covariate parameter of both models. Additionally, the findings of the real data indicate that the Wald method for the covariate β1 is significant within the context of the lung cancer data. For the breast censer data with age as the covariate, the bootstrap normal, bootstrap-t, BCa and the jackknife have a similar confidence interval for μ, α, β0 and β1. The results indicate that the generalized exponential model outperforms the submodel based on the exponential distribution.
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EXPLORING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING TEACHERS' INTENTION TO ADOPT GAMIFIED LEARNING TOOLS: A UTAUT2-BASED STUDY
(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2023-06-04) Alreshidi, Ashwaq Wasmi; Muhamad, Mohd Mokhtar
The rapid advancements in digital technology have influenced various sectors, including education. This has resulted in innovative tools and methodologies such as gamified learning, which has gained considerable attention for its potential to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. However, teachers' adoption of these tools, especially in secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, remains understudied. This thesis investigates the factors that influence teachers' intention to adopt gamified learning tools in secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. The study was grounded in an expanded version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model, incorporating two additional factors: Student Motivation and Engagement and Teacher Self-efficacy. An online questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample of 218 secondary school teachers in Saudi Arabia, and the data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling technique. The findings revealed six of the eight hypothesized factors significantly influenced teachers' intentions to adopt gamified learning tools. These factors were Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Facilitating Conditions, Hedonic Motivation, Student Motivation and Engagement, and Teacher Self-efficacy. Interestingly, Social Influence and Habit did not significantly impact teachers' intentions. This research contributes to the existing knowledge on technology adoption in the educational context, particularly in Saudi Arabia. The findings have practical implications for schools, policymakers, and software companies, offering insights to enhance the adoption of these tools. Despite providing significant insights, the study was confined to the cultural and educational context of Saudi Arabia, focused only on teachers' intentions, and primarily relied on the UTAUT2 framework. Hence, future research can extend this work by exploring different cultural contexts, actual use scenarios, and the influence of other potential factors not covered in the current model.
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Strategies For Translating Idioms In The Murder On The Links Into Arabic
(2023-06-15) Alharbi, Emad Obaid H; Abdullah, Syed Nurulakla Syed
Idiom is the most difficult parts in semantic area for both English and Arabic. Idioms are difficult to translate because of their unpredictable meaning and grammar. This study focuses on the strategies of translating idioms in Christie's novel ‘The Murder on the Links’ into Arabic. Three objectives are pursued through this study. First, to identify the types of idioms in Christie's novel ‘The Murder on the Links’. Second, to investigate the strategies used by the translator when translating idioms into Arabic. Third, to examine the implications of using these strategies when deducing the meanings of idioms translated into Arabic. The theoretical part is based on Fernando (1996) and Baker (2011). In this study, a qualitative-analytical approach is adopted to identify the types of idioms and the strategies used to translate idioms. The analytical part is based on the novel ‘The Murder on The Links’ by Christie and the Arabic translation by Elbaradei. The data of the study consists of 90 idioms extracted from the novel ‘The Murder on The Links’. The process of extracting the data for the study was based on the thematic analysis approach. The results of the study showed that there are three types of idioms; literal idioms, pure idioms, and semi-idioms. In translating idioms from English into Arabic, the translator employed four strategies, namely, using an idiom with an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, an idiom with an idiom of similar meaning and form, paraphrasing, and omission. Although previous studies have demonstrated that paraphrasing was the most common strategy, this study showed that the strategy of translating an idiom with an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form was the most commonly used strategy when translating idioms from English into Arabic. The results also showed that when deducing the meaning of the idioms translated into Arabic, most of the idioms were explicitly rendered. In terms of themes, especially in this detective novel, the results revealed that most of the idioms related to describing people were translated using the strategy of translating an idiom with idioms of similar meaning and form. On the other hand, the strategy of translating an idiom with idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form was used in translating idioms related to the description of persons, events, and actions. The strategy of paraphrasing was used in translating idioms related to time, beliefs, politeness, and disagreement, while the strategy of omission was used in translating idioms related to beliefs and describing events.
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