SACM - Malaysia
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9660
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Item Restricted ENHANCEMENT OF ZnO-BASED UV PHOTODETECTORS BY INCORPORATING Bi₂O₃, Ag, AND Ge NANOSTRUCTURES SYNTHESIZED USING LASER ABLATION IN LIQUID(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alharbi, Abdullah Marzouq; Ahmed, Naser Mahmoud and Rahman, Azhar AbdulThis research enhances the efficiency of UV photodetectors through the synthesis and integration of nanoparticles using laser ablation techniques. The study investigates the effects of bismuth oxide nanosheets (Bi2O3-Nsh), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and germanium nanowalls (GeNWs) on ZnO/Si-based UV photodetectors. By change nanoparticle size and shape, the research aims to improve responsivity, sensitivity, and overall performance. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles and their integration into photodetector architectures was conducted to evaluate their effectiveness and potential for practical applications. Bi2O3 nanosheets (Bi2O3-Nsh) were synthesized using the laser ablation in liquid (LAL) method. The Bi2O3-Nsh were integrated into ZnO/Si photodetectors, and their crystalline structures, morphologies, and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis. The UV photodetection performance was assessed under 385 nm UV light at varying bias voltages. The ZnO/Bi2O3-Nsh/Si-based UV photodetectors demonstrated a strong response, with the I-V curve showing a significant change from 79 μA to 20 mA at 6 V. Additionally, the device exhibited the highest responsivity of 49.8 A/W, quantum efficiency of 161.61, sensitivity of 25000%, gain of 251, detectivity of 9.86 × 1010 Jones, and a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.01 × 10-12 W under 385 nm UV light at a bias voltage of 6 V. These results highlight the potential of Bi2O3-Nsh in enhancing xix ZnO/Si photodetectors. The research also synthesized AgNPs using a cost-effective laser ablation technique combined with RF sputtering. The AgNPs were encapsulated by zinc oxide on a silicon substrate to enhance photodetector efficiency while reducing costs. Three sample configurations (AgNPs/Si, AgNPs/ZnO/Si, and ZnO/AgNPs/Si) were characterized using FESEM, XRD, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The ZnO/AgNPs/Si photodetector exhibited the highest performance, with a peak responsivity of 132 A/W, quantum efficiency of 429.88, sensitivity of 31400%, gain of 315, detectivity of 18 × 1010 Jones, and an NEP of 0.556 × 10-13 W. These findings underscore the potential of AgNPs in enhancing UV photodetector performance and the feasibility of cost-effective synthesis methods. Furthermore, GeNWs were synthesized via pulsed laser ablation to improve UV photodetection. The GeNWs were integrated into ZnO/Si photodetectors in two configurations: ZnO/GeNWs/Si and GeNWs/ZnO/Si. The ZnO/GeNWs/Si configuration showed impressive performance, with a photocurrent of around 12.8 mA at 6 V, indicating significant enhancement in UV light absorption and carrier charge transport. The device exhibited a responsivity of 31.8 A/W, quantum efficiency of 103.43, sensitivity of 9600%, and detectivity of 4.90 × 1010 Jones. These results demonstrate the potential of GeNWs to enhance UV photodetector performance and the effectiveness of pulsed laser ablation. This research successfully addresses the objectives by using laser ablation techniques to synthesize and integrate Bi2O3-Nsh, AgNPs, and GeNWs into UV photodetectors8 0Item Restricted PARENTS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF ORAL HEALTH AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF ARABIC PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-07-22) Mohammed, Alsharif; Mohd, Nazan Ahmad Iqmer; Suriani, IsmailOral health diseases among pre-school children such as tooth decay is a global public health problem and influence the overall health of children. Parental oral health knowledge, attitude and practice have a direct effect on pre-school children, since the pre-school children may not be able to fully express their emotions orally. This study aimed to determine the level of parents’ knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health and its association with the oral health status of pre-school children in Arabic pre-schools in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pre-schoolers with proportional stratified sampling from selected five Arabic pre-schools. 400 self-administered questionnaires in Arabic language were distributed among the Arabic parents. The questionnaire included five sections on sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, parental oral health knowledge, attitude and practice, eating and oral hygiene habits of children and accessibility of dental services. The questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency (α=0.82). In this study, the internal consistency value was (α=0.78) and the test-retest reliability correlation coefficient showed a good reliability level (84%). SPSS version 23 was used to conduct Chi-Square test, Fisher’s exact test and binary logistic regression analysis for data analysis. Completed questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 95%. Among a total of 363 children with a median age of 4 years, 54.8% were females. Overall, 42.4% of the children had dental caries, 9.6% of them had gingivitis and 19.6% reported to have halitosis. Marital status, monthly income, accessibility to dental services, the gender of children, name of schools, start to brush the teeth and the number of times of brushing every day, visit the dentist regularly were factors significantly associated with the oral health status of children (p<0.05). Besides, parental knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health were significantly associated with the parent-reported oral health status of children (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study established that more than 50 % of the children found to have poor oral health. In order to mitigate these problems, effective oral health programs designed to change dietary habits and dental screening of children in this age group are necessary.11 0Item Restricted IMPROVING FORECASTING ACCURACY FOR TIME SERIES DATA USING FUZZY TECHNIQUES AND WAVELET TRANSFORM(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-07-09) Abdullah, Alenezy; Mohd. Tahir IsmailThis study focuses on improving the accuracy of stock market forecasting for the Saudi Arabia stock exchange (Tadawul) by employing advanced modeling techniques and adaptive learning approaches. The study utilizes the maximum overlapping discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) in conjunction with various mathematical functions to analyze daily stock price indices data from October 2011 to December 2019. Input variables, including oil price and repo rate, are carefully selected based on correlation analysis, multiple regression, and the Engle and Granger Causality test. The proposed models, such as MODWT-LA8-ANFIS, MODWT-LA8-FS.HGD, MODWT-LA8-HyFIS, and MODWT-LA8-FIR.DM, demonstrate superior forecasting performance compared to traditional methods like ARIMA, ANFIS, FS.HGD, HyFIS, and FIR.DM. The performance evaluation of the proposed model involves various statistical measures, including mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean percentage error (MPE). The results highlight the effectiveness of these models in decomposing stock market patterns and accurately predicting stock market price volatility. This research contributes to the field of stock market forecasting and offers valuable insights for investors and financial analysts operating in the Saudi Arabia stock exchange.15 0Item Restricted PULSE LASER ABLATED TITANIA-HAEMATITE NANOCOMPOSITES FOR THE REMOVAL OF LEAD AND ARSENIC FROM WASTEWATER(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ALSHAMMARI TEFLAH KHULAIF K; BAKHTIAR, HAZRI BINWater contamination by toxic heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb²⁺) and arsenic (As³⁺), poses a severe environmental and public health risks due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and high level of toxicity. Conventional wastewater treatment methods, such as chemical precipitation and membrane filtration often suffer from high costs, energy demands, and secondary pollution. Therefore, there is a critical need for efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable materials for heavy metal removal. Nanocomposites, particularly those based on titania (TiO₂) and haematite (α-Fe₂O₃) offer promising adsorption and photocatalytic properties. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize titania (TiO₂)- haematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanocomposites via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and evaluate their efficiency in removing Pb²⁺ and As³⁺ from wastewater. The nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The adsorption efficiency of Pb²⁺ and As³⁺ was evaluated under varying parameters such as laser fluence, solvent pH, contact time, and initial metal concentration. The results indicated that the TiO2-(α-Fe2O₃) nanocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacity due to their large surface area, synergistic photocatalytic effects, and strong metal affinity. The observation of improved heavy metals removal efficiency of the proposed nanocomposites was ascribed to the synergy between TiO2 nanoparticles and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, indicating their wastewater treatment potential. The removal efficiency exceeded 90% for both metals under optimized conditions, demonstrating the potential of these nanocomposites as an eco-friendly and effective material for wastewater treatment. These findings affirmed the unique effectiveness of nanocomposites for water treatment implementation. This research contributes to sustainable water treatment technologies by introducing an environmentally friendly solution for heavy metal removal.7 0Item Embargo An Adaptable and Distributed Access Control Approach Based on Machine Learning Techniques in a BYOD Environment(Saudi Digital Library, 2028-07-10) Turkea, ALjuaid; Wahid, Ainuddin; Yamani, MohdTraditional access control systems, such as role-based access control (RBAC), attribute-based access control (ABAC), or relationship-based access control (ReBAC), may limit policy decision points due to the potential for status changes in response to minor changes in user and resource properties. Additionally, system administrators must rely on solutions that require complex rules with multiple conditions and permissions for decision control, which can lead to access control issues such as policy conflicts, decision-making bottlenecks, poor performance, and trust and privacy issues related to policy management. This thesis presents three security access control mechanisms to overcome these limitations. Firstly, it proposes a method of enforcing access decisions that is adaptable and dynamic, based on a multi-layer deep learning hybrid model (TabularDNN). The technique converts all input attributes from an access request into an allow or deny decision using multiple layers to ensure accurate and efficient access control. Furthermore, the proposed solution was evaluated using the Kaggle-Amazon access control policy dataset; the results indicated a 94\% accuracy rate, demonstrating enhanced access decision implementation by considering various resource and user attributes. Additionally, it ensures privacy through indirect communication with the Policy Administration Point (PAP). This mechanism improves flexibility and provides dynamic and adaptable access control, demonstrating the proposed method's efficiency and reliability. Secondly, this dissertation presents an access decision-making algorithm for access control-based supervised learning, enhancing policy decision points (PDPs) by converting the PDP problem into a binary classification for access requests. The research describes a vector decision classifier that uses machine learning methods, specifically implementing the random forest algorithm, to make accurate access decisions and enable dynamic, distributed PDPs. Performance was evaluated using the Kaggle-Amazon access control policy dataset, comparing the proposed mechanism to previous research benchmarks for performance, time, and flexibility. The method ensures privacy for access control policies by preventing direct communication between the PDP and PAP. The study showed that PDP-based machine learning could navigate multiple policies and large access requests with 95\% accuracy, a 0.15-second response time, and no policy conflicts. This method improves security by implementing a distributed access control system that is dynamic, adaptable, and flexible. Finally, it presents an adaptive policy adjustment based on anomaly detection methods using machine learning algorithms. This method conducts risk monitoring and anomaly detection and features an adaptive policy mechanism that dynamically adjusts policies based on detected anomalies. The UNSW-NB15 dataset was used to evaluate the solution's performance. The results highlighted a detection accuracy of 95\% with a response time of approximately 0.5 seconds. The adaptive policy adjustment achieves a 97\% accuracy rate. The mechanism improves insider threat detection and access control simultaneously while optimizing and simplifying the process of managing policies. This method effectively addresses the critical trust and privacy challenges associated with policy management in corporate environments.17 0Item Restricted Revitalizing Domestic Tourism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Strategies for Intensifying and Encouraging Domestic Travel(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-03) GHADWAN, SOAD SALEH M; Hikmahana, DhiyaDomestic tourism plays a significant part in enhancing the economic resilience of any country. This is especially important for countries such as Saudi Arabia, where economic diversification has been a top priority as dictated within its Vision 2030. Research has confirmed that domestic tourism enhances the economic well-being of a country by supporting sustainability and resilience against negative economic international events. Domestic tourism has also been argued to be an important factor in encouraging cultural cohesiveness and unity, among other benefits. Despite the importance of domestic tourism, its fullest potential has not been achieved in Saudi Arabia. This has been attributed to restrictive cultural and traditional practices, high costs associated with domestic travel, underdeveloped tourist activities, and poor marketing campaigns to create awareness of domestic attractions.This study was designed to examine the role and effect of tourism activities, tourism costs, marketing strategies, and cultural practices in order to develop policy and practical recommendations that can help boost domestic tourism in the country. The research is anchored on theoretical frameworks, including destination marketing and management, push and pull factors, tourism motivation theory, and price sensitivity theory. A pragmatism research paradigm is adopted with a quantitative research design. Further, the study was designed to follow a deductive research approach.Among the findings of this research include the fact that leisure accounted for the largest proportion of tourism activities that encouraged domestic travel. However, tourism activities were rated slightly below average, indicating the need to improve and develop tourism activities in the country. It was also identified that tourism costs in the country were judged to be moderately affordable, with significant room for improvement. The majority of the respondents in the study were also identified to have experienced at least one form of cultural restriction while visiting different tourist destinations. Furthermore, the most visible marketing medium was social media, which suffered poor effectiveness in creating awareness of tourism activities and destinations in the country.Strategies to improve domestic tourism in the country were identified to include targeting and segmentation of the target audience in the country in marketing efforts. Other recommendations included diversification of tourism activities, adoption of dynamic pricing, and integration of cultural variables within the tourism destinations in the country. Theoretically, the findings of this study provide deeper insight into the existing theories regarding domestic tourism. The study provides insights into the overall effect of cultural factors, costs, marketing strategies, and tourism activities that will be applied in the academic world. Practically, this study provides actionable insights that will help tourism authorities and other stakeholders enact measures that will improve domestic tourism in the country.7 0Item Restricted A FRAMEWORK FOR BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS TO ADOPT CRYPTOCURRENCY AMONG PUBLIC UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-11-28) ALOMARI, ALI SAEED A; Lee Abdullah, NasuhaMany individuals believe that the cryptocurrencies have the potential to disrupt the traditional financial system. This is evidenced in several commercial and scholarly studies that show a significant investment made by individuals in different cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum despite the associated risks such as volatility in value and a lack of regulations. Although, cryptocurrency is a rapidly growing digital asset and its investment potential remain uncertain. Both pros and cons of cryptocurrencies can cause problems for individuals. Therefore, it is essential to understand individuals’ intention toward cryptocurrency to prevent them from any financial loss or for the authorities to make informed decision in policymaking, strategies for adoption of cryptocurrency. By examining individual intentions, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the behavioural drivers and barriers affecting cryptocurrency adoption. The study used a quantitative research method with developing a survey questionnaire. Using a purposive sampling technique, the study targeted the students in the Saudi Arabian universities. The study used SPSS software for demographic and descriptive statistics and Smart PLS for testing validity, reliability and research hypotheses. To achieve this, past research studies have identified several factors that influence behavioural intentions of individuals to adopt cryptocurrency. However, those studies are conducted either in a specific context e.g., country or are conceptual. Despite progress in understanding cryptocurrency adoption, financial literacy and technology readiness's moderating roles in culturally unique contexts like Saudi Arabia still needs to be explored. Studies have focused on direct factors like awareness, effort expectancy, and security without adequately exploring how individual capabilities and preparedness affect these relationships. By studying the relationship between financial literacy, technology readiness, and cryptocurrency adoption, this study seeks to fill these gaps and better understand Saudi Arabian user intentions. To fill this gap, this study aims to understand the factors influencing behavioural intentions of public university students to adopt cryptocurrencies in the Saudi Arabia. Public university students are chosen as the population for this study because they represent the youth in Saudi Arabia who are early adopters of innovation like cryptocurrency. The study uses an extended version of the existing Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as a foundational theory. The results of the study show that awareness, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and security significantly influence the behavioural intentions of public university students to adopt cryptocurrency in Saudi Arabia. The results also show that the technology readiness and financial literacy moderate the relationship of influencing factors and behavioural intention. The study contributes theoretically and practically into the existing body of knowledge. The study not only replicates the findings of the past studies on individuals’ intention to adopt cryptocurrency, but it also extends and confirms the UTAUT model in the context of Saudi Arabia. The results of the study would benefit the policy makers, practitioners, regulators, and government authorities in developing better policies, and strategies for the adoption of cryptocurrency in Saudi Arabia.22 0Item Restricted Evaluating the Long-Term Impact of Riyadh Season Event on Sustainable Tourism Development within Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 Framework(Taylor's, 2025) Aldawsari, Ahmed; Katahenggam, NagathisenAccording to Vision 2030 for Saudi Arabia, sustainable development and economic diversification depend mostly on tourism. Large-scale entertainment event Riyadh Season is now a main project aiming at drawing guests, fostering cultural interaction, and improving the travel industry. Emphasizing economic impact, cultural transformation, and environmental sustainability, this study uses a quantitative approach to evaluate the long-term implications of Riyadh Season on sustainable tourist development. By utilizing survey data and secondary sources, this research evaluates how Riyadh Season aligns with Vision 2030’s sustainable tourism objectives. It examines the effectiveness of existing tourism practices, identifies key challenges and opportunities, and suggests strategies for long-term sustainability. The findings aim to provide practical insights for event organizers, businesses, and local communities, ensuring that Riyadh Season continues to support responsible tourism growth while balancing economic, cultural, and environmental priorities.9 0Item Restricted IMPACT OF BANK-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF BANKS IN GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL COUNTRIES VIA CORPORATE GOVERNANCE(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2025-05) ALSULMI, FATIMA; Rosli, MahmoodThis study examined the bank’s financial stability based on internal factors (bank specific factors) and external factors (macroeconomic factors). Furthermore, this study examined the moderating role of corporate governance (board size, board meeting frequency, and CEO duality) between bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. The bank’s financial stability was measured by the z-score as an accounting measurement and Distance to Default as a market measurement. The analysis focused on a sample of listed banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region from 2014 to 2022 using STATA software. The results were based on the dynamic panel estimator of the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The findings suggested that credit risk had a significant effect, liquidity risk had no significant effect on the bank’s financial stability, and operational risk negatively affected it. Income diversification and capital adequacy positively impacted the bank’s financial stability. Regarding macroeconomic factors, oil prices contributed positively to banks’ financial stability. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and interest rates negatively influenced the bank’s financial stability, while inflation had a mixed effect: positive on bank z-score but negative on bank Distance to Default. The COVID-19 pandemic showed a significant negative effect on the bank z-score and a positive effect on bank Distance to Default. The moderating effect findings highlighted that board size and meeting frequency mostly had a negative moderating effect between bank-specific factors and the bank’s financial stability. Meanwhile, CEO duality showed both negative and positive moderating effects. The analysis of the moderating role between macroeconomic factors and the bank’s financial stability showed that board size and meetings had a moderating role. In contrast, CEO duality only moderated the relationship between macroeconomic factors and bank Distance to Default. These findings suggest important implications for bank governance and stability in the GCC region.8 0Item Restricted Examining Sustainable Tourism Practices and Policies in the New AlUla Saudi Arabia 2030 vision(UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE – JEAN JAURES - ISTHIA TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LEISURE MANAGEMENT CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN TOURISM (CRiT), 2025) ALOFFI, EIMAN NOWAEM; Shi Yin, Ellie CheeABSTRACT (ENGLISH) This study aims to evaluate sustainable tourism practices and policies in AlUla, Saudi Arabia, aligning with the nation’s Vision 2030 goals. The research focuses on assessing the effectiveness of existing policies, benchmarking global best practices, analysing stakeholder engagement, and exploring the role of modern technology in promoting sustainable tourism. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and surveys were utilized as the data collection instrument. The questionnaires were administered to residents, tourism businesses, and tourists for collecting policy feedback, policy maker perceptions, and the utilization of smart technology solutions. The study highlighted the following key statistics. Some previous policies have been useful in enhancing infrastructure and tourism development in AlUla but there are still some challenges including how to deal with overcapacity and engage stakeholders proactively. The importance of more participatory decision-making was voiced, especially by local communities, who raised concerns about cultural assets and sustainable employment. Exploring other countries’ examples demonstrated the importance of strategic policy, clear innovations, and cooperation to achieve sustainable goals. Furthermore, the research unveiled how artificial intelligence along with virtual reality could help further enriching visitors’ experiences and optimizing the usage of resources in AlUla. Based on the findings, AlUla has progressed in the sustainable tourism pathway; however, it is essential to engage more efforts to fill the policy loopholes, engage the stakeholders aggressively, and include the technological strategies. It is equally important for AlUla to incorporate environmental sensitiveness, cultural attractiveness, and economic viability in developing a sustainable tourism framework. The recommendations highlighted in this study provide tangible steps that can be taken to assist Saudi Arabia in achieving its Vision 2030 and conserve its culture and nature for future generations.14 0