SACM - United Kingdom
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9667
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Item Restricted Identifying Novel Therapies for Cystinuria Using Genetic Tools(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-03-21) Dakhakhini, Mohammed Hatim; Coward, RichardCystinuria is a rare inherited renal stone disorder that effects 1 in every 2000 people in the UK. Available drug treatment like Tiopronin, D-Penicillamine, and Captopril used to decrease the Cystine concentration in the urine. However, these drugs impose huge disadvantages to patients through agonising side-effects such as: weight gain, excessive fatigue, loss of taste, and breathing difficulties, all of which lead to poor quality of life. This necessitates the need for other therapeutic approaches that can treat the disorder without causing major side-effects. Cystinuria is caused by a mutation in one or both subunits of the Cystine transporter rBAT or b0,+AT which are encoded by SLC3A1 or SLC7A9 genes, respectively. These mutations lead to mis-localization of functioning rBAT and b0,+AT proteins from the plasma membrane which translate into a disruption of urinary Cystine re-absorption. This in turn leads to increased Cystine flow into urine which results in Cystine accumulation that eventually forms Cystine stones in kidneys, ureter, or bladder. This research hypothesizes that repurposing established drug compounds (LOPAC1280) to re-direct b0,+AT protein back into the plasma membrane could be a new and improved therapeutic approach. In this study, transduced human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) were used to investigate the localisation of fluorescently tagged rBAT and b0,+AT proteins in wild-type and three rBAT-based mutated cell lines. All cellular localization studies showed consistent results. Both rBAT and b0,+AT proteins were found to be trafficked together. In the fluorescently tagged wildtype type expressing cell line, both proteins were located at the plasma memrbane, with the wild-type b0,+AT being the dominant trafficked subunit. All three mutants expessing cell lines suggested that both proteins were predominantly trapped within the ER. A unique screening assay model that can measure the exiting of b0,+AT from the ER using a high content fluorescent microscope system was developed, optimized and validated, and used to screen the LOPAC1280 library of compounds using the p. Met467Thr-rBAT expressing cell line. Nanchangmycin (NCM) was identified as a final target hit as it induced exiting of the b0,+AT from the ER and translocated it to the plasma membrane.12 0Item Restricted Corporate Governance in Hybrid State-Owned Enterprises: From the Theoretical to the Practical.(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-30) Alohaly, Asaiel Ahmed; Devenney, James and Miglionico, AndreaThis thesis offers two substantial contributions to the field of corporate governance. First, it provides a comprehensive critical analysis of the existing governance models for partially state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Second, it proposes an innovative new framework for the governance of such companies. Partial SOEs, which involve a mixture of government and private ownership, are identified in this thesis as “hybrid SOEs”. The opening sections present a significant new exploration of current governance models –what this thesis terms the “state model” – for hybrid SOEs. This includes both a full-scale theoretical analysis and case studies of some major companies from around the world. The discussion highlights the diversity of control and ownership structures in hybrid SOEs, the different forms that government influence in these companies can take, and the specific risks and challenges these pose. It demonstrates that there is currently no single state model for hybrid SOEs, and argues the need for a new forward-looking governance model that can cope with the complex nature of these companies, and balance shareholder rights with government authority. The proposed new governance model, the pioneering contribution of this thesis, is then presented. The proposed model provides a practical approach (a toolkit) that reflects the unique risks and challenges faced by hybrid SOEs. The flexibility of this model is crucial, as this is what ensures its relevance across different settings. With its thorough examination of the current situation and proposed new governance model, this thesis presents an important contribution to governance knowledge. It also provides a valuable foundation for future research or initiatives exploring the potential practical implementation of the proposed model.4 0Item Restricted Soluble Phosphate-Based Glass for The Potential Treatment of Periodontitis(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-02-11) Almudhi, Abrar; Karpukhina, NataliaBioactive glasses are one of the most important bioactive materials that can produce substantial effects in the field of tissue engineering. In the field of periodontology, PerioGlas® is a silicate- based bioactive glass which has been used commonly for the treatment of periodontal diseases. However, during glass dissolution, this glass generates an alkaline pH which is likely to induce the growth of P. gingivalis bacteria (periodontopathic bacteria). Furthermore, the large particle size of this material was clinically shown to substantially reduce the degradation rate of the silicate glasses. Phosphate glasses (near metaphosphate composition) generate an acidic pH on dissolution as a result of breakdown of phosphate chains creating an acidic-type phosphate species. Additionally, in the presence of alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), phosphate glasses generate orthophosphate species PO43- upon degradation of metaphosphate species, which would enhance hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization. The aim of this project was to investigate the potential of degradable phosphate glasses for use as a grafting material for the treatment of periodontitis. Several series of simple binary phosphate glass systems were prepared, xR2O-P2O5 or xRO- P2O5, where R = Na, K, Ca, Sr and Zn, and x = 45, 50 and 55 mol%. The structure of the glasses was characterized using several techniques. These included Phosphorus-31 Magic Angle Spinning- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P MAS-NMR) as the main technique. Additionally, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size Analysis (PSA), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Glasses were dissolved individually in tris buffer solution mimicking the pH of oral environment and the changes were tested at different time points. The dissolution products were investigated by solution-state of Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy and 2D 31P gradient Correlated spectroscopy (COSY) experiment. ALP was added to selected compositions to enzymatically hydrolyse the phosphate compounds in solution to release orthophosphate species. The solutions were characterized by 31P solution-state NMR and 2D 31P gradient COSY experiment. 31P MAS-NMR spectra showed that Q2 species were the dominant species with small amount of Q0 and Q1 species. The solubility of the glass was affected by modifier cation. The pH values were influenced by phosphate content in the glasses. The 31P solution-state NMR exhibited different peaks of the Q0, Q1, and Q2 species. In the presence of ALP enzyme, the phosphate species further degraded into orthophosphates which can promote remineralising environment. Compared to calcium phosphate glasses, zinc phosphate glasses of all three formulations showed substantial difference in dissolution also revealing additional interaction with ALP enzyme, which can be most beneficial. Phosphate glasses can be used for potential treatment of periodontal defects for pH modulating and delivering plenitude of phosphate in addition to cations. If added to a periodontal bone graft formulation, soluble phosphate glass would dissolve generating lower pH values, which will inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis and subsequently create stimulating mineralising environment.5 0Item Restricted A Theoretical Investigation of the Effects of a Trombe Wall for Heating Purposes(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-30) ALSHERI, DHAFER; Jibran, KhaligThe building sector accounts for nearly half of all global energy consumption, with space heating representing a major share of this demand. Traditionally, this energy has been supplied through fossil fuel-based systems, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and temperature change. In response to the growing need for sustainable and energy-efficient heating solutions, this study evaluates the thermal performance of an enhanced Trombe wall system as a passive heating method, integrating renewable solar energy to reduce reliance on conventional fuels. Unlike most prior research that focuses on novel wall construction materials, this work targets retrofit applications, aiming to improve the thermal behaviour of existing brick walls using high thermal conductivity sheet materials. A 2D CFD simulation was conducted to evaluate the influence of sheet material type, thickness, and air gap width on room temperature distribution and wall surface heating. Key parameters studied included sheet material type (copper, aluminium, and stainless steel), sheet thickness (5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm), and air gap width (ranging from 10 mm to 100 mm). The radiation model was calibrated using solar data from Abha, Saudi Arabia a high-altitude city (elevation ~2,200 m) known for its cool winter temperatures and strong solar irradiance. Geographic coordinates (18.22°N, 42.50°E) and solar radiation values exceeding 500 W/m² during peak winter hours were used as boundary inputs to simulate realistic climatic conditions. Copper, aluminium, and stainless steel were selected for their distinct thermal properties. Among them, copper exhibited the highest thermal performance across various airflow conditions: - adding a copper sheet enhanced room temperature by approximately 3°C compared to the base case without a sheet. Moreover, increasing the sheet thickness from 5 mm to 20 mm improved the average room temperature from 286 K to 295 K, demonstrating a 9°C increase due to greater thermal mass and inertia. The width of the air gap was also found to be critical, with an optimal value of 80 mm, beyond which natural convection weakened, and thermal performance declined. The proposed system saved around 0.0722 kWh/h per room, translating to 151.62 kWh/year over a 150-day heating season with 14 hours of daily operation. Furthermore, each heating cycle reduced CO₂ emissions approximately 16 grams, offering measurable environmental benefits. The annual cost saving compared to using diesel fuel amounted to 56.94£, with a projected 20-year saving of 1138.8 per room.3 0Item Restricted WHat are the Effects of Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Training, Either Alone or Combined with Other non-Electrical Therapy, on Functional Outcomes and Quality of life in Children with Neurological Disorders? A Systematic Review(Saudi Digital Library., 2025) almehmadi, shahad abdullah; Visser, KarenBackground: Cognitive-motor dual-task training (CMDT), which involves simultaneous cognitive and motor tasks, challenging the brain's processing capacity, is hypothesised to improve both functional outcomes and quality of life across diverse populations. Children with neurological disorders commonly face impairments in both motor and cognitive functions, which can significantly impair their daily functioning and overall quality of life. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesise the current evidence on the effects of cognitive-motor dual-task training, either alone or combined with other non-electrical therapies, on functional outcomes and quality of life in children with neurological disorders. By exploring the efficacy of these interventions, the review seeks to provide insights into their potential utility and implementation in therapeutic settings. Study design: An extensive search across multiple databases resulted in the selection and critical appraisal of eight studies, including randomised and quasi-experimental trials, using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, data were synthesised narratively. Results: Reviewed studies show that CMDT training generally enhanced motor skills, balance and mobility, as evidenced by improvements in standardised measures such as the Timed Up and Go (TUG), the Modified Walking Test (MWT) and others. Quality of life improvements were also noted, despite some reservations about the assessment's relevance in younger children due to developmental considerations. Conclusions: The findings support the integration of CMDT in clinical practice to enhance functional outcomes and quality of life in children with neurological disorders. However, further research is warranted to explore long-term effects and to refine intervention protocols tailored to specific neurological conditions. This review underscores the necessity of updating current physiotherapy guidelines to reflect these findings, to ensure that CMDT is considered in future therapeutic recommendations.2 0Item Restricted Social and Cultural Impacts of Saudi Arabia Hosting the Italian Super Cup(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-05-01) Manqarah, Hawra; Pomfret, GillThis dissertation explores the social and cultural impacts of Saudi Arabia hosting the Italian Super Cup, in alignment with the goals of Saudi Vision 2030. The study investigates how this international sports event influenced national pride, community cohesion, cultural exchange, and Saudi Arabia’s global image. A gap in the academic literature was identified concerning mid-sized sporting events in Gulf countries, making this research particularly relevant. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a digital survey of 61 Saudi citizens who either attended or followed the event. The findings show that participants generally had positive perceptions of the Super Cup, especially in terms of promoting cultural understanding and enhancing national identity. Many respondents supported the idea of hosting similar events in the future, though some limitations were noted, particularly regarding local community involvement in the event’s planning. Overall, the study concludes that mid-sized international sports events like the Italian Super Cup can serve as powerful tools for national branding, cultural diplomacy, and tourism development. Recommendations include improving community participation and conducting long-term evaluations to better align with Vision 2030’s strategic goals.7 0Item Restricted Comparing the Effectiveness of Mobilisation With Movement and Muscle Energy Technique in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Review(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-03-31) Halawi, Mlak Ali; Spencer, HollyAdhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a musculoskeletal disorder characterised by inflammation and fibrosis of the glenohumeral joint capsule, which leads to pain, stiffness, and a restricted range of motion (ROM) (Khan and Nuhmani 2014). It affects approximately 3–5% of the population, with a higher prevalence among individuals aged 30–60 years and a female-to-male ratio of 1.6:1 (Wong and Tan 2010; Bhargav and Murrell 2011). Moreover, the condition progresses through three distinct phases. First, the freezing phase (2–9 months) is marked by increasing pain and stiffness. This stage is followed by the frozen phase (4–12 months), during which movement becomes restricted. Finally, the thawing phase (12–43 months) occurs, allowing for a gradual improvement in ROM (Griesser et al. 2011). Consequently, these functional limitations severely impact daily activities like dressing, lifting, and overhead reaching (Ramirez 2019). In regard management strategies, different treatment approaches exist, including pharmacological, physiotherapeutic, and surgical interventions. However, among non-surgical options, Mobilisation with Movement (MWM) and the Muscle Energy Technique (MET) have shown promising results in alleviating pain and enhancing shoulder function (Patel and D 2022; Khattak et al. 2023). MWM combines therapist-applied joint mobilisation with active movement to improve ROM, while MET utilises isometric contractions followed by stretching to reduce stiffness and correct muscular imbalances (Shah and Misra 2013). This systematic review compares the effectiveness of MWM and MET in reducing pain, improving ROM, and enhancing functional ability in adults with adhesive capsulitis.8 0Item Restricted An Analysis of Laws Safeguarding Healthcare Workers in the United Kingdom(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Aleniz, Fahad; Brodeala, ElenaThis study analyzed laws safeguarding healthcare workers in the UK. The objective was to understand the legal, health, and safety standards protecting UK healthcare workers and assess employees’ challenges before identifying required reforms. The study results revealed that the UK had initially focused on industry-specific laws to promote employee safety. However, changes in employment composition had adjusted the approach, resulting in the focus on occupational health and safety. Healthcare workers in the UK found legal reprieve from a variety of laws, including HASAWA (1974), Workplace Health and Safety (1992), Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (1992), Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1992), Display Screen Equipment Regulations 1992, and Personal Protective Equipment Regulations (1992, 2018, and 2022). The challenge of the UK’s employee safety legal regime was an inadequate risk-based model downgrading severe risks healthcare workers routinely faced. The implication of this study was the need for reforms focusing on regulator funding, modernization of the regulatory regime, monitoring, and enforcement.2 0Item Restricted An Exploration of Occupational Therapists’ Understanding of Mental Health in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Investigation.(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-03-03) Alrashidi, Raiyad Abbad D Alrashidi; Whitcombe, SteveObjectives: This study explores the understanding of mental health among occupational therapists in Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the research were to examine the professional and cultural factors that influence occupational therapists’ perceptions of mental health, to assess opportunities and challenges faced by occupational therapists working in mental health settings and to explore the perceived value and role of occupational therapy in mental health care in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This study used an exploratory- descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews from eight occupational therapists practising in Saudi Arabia. The data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, a framework that facilitated identification and development of key themes. Findings: The findings were categorised into four main themes. Firstly, occupational therapists’ perceptions of mental health. The study revealed varying levels of understanding and awareness of mental health which attributed to lack of professional training in this area. Secondly, inadequacies in training and education showed the need for improved professional development opportunities in mental health among occupational therapists in Saudi Arabia. The third theme examined current challenges and cultural influences in that occupational therapists in Saudi Arabia face systematic barriers since there are no policies to support their role in mental health. They are challenges related to stigma surrounding mental health and limited collaboration between OTs and other healthcare professionals. The final theme centred on future perspectives and recommendations, where participants advocated for increased awareness of their role - occupational therapy in mental health situations. There is a need for policy reforms and integration of occupational therapy into mental health services through professional training. Conclusion: This study provides information on whether mental health has been integrated into occupational therapy in Saudi Arabia and examines the opportunities and challenges facing OT professionals working in the mental health field. The study highlights the importance of addressing challenges such as cultural and systematic barriers limiting the integration of metal health in OT and a need to enhance education opportunities promoting the role of occupational therapy in mental health. The findings of this study will inform future policies and research that will support the integration of mental health into occupational therapy.6 0Item Restricted Plumage Mimicry and Drumming Patterns in Woodpeckers: Unraveling the Complexity of Visual and Acoustic Signals in Species Recognition(Saudi Digital Library, 2024) Alharbi, Sahar; Kort, SelvinoWoodpeckers are known for their distinctive drumming behaviours and diverse plumage patterns, which play crucial roles in communication and species identification. While previous research has highlighted the importance of ecological and geographical factors in driving plumage mimicry among sympatric woodpecker species, the relationship between plumage similarity and drumming behaviour remains underexplored. Specifically, it is unclear whether woodpeckers that exhibit plumage mimicry also share similar drumming rhythms or if they diverge in their drumming patterns to maintain species boundaries. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the drumming behaviors of five woodpecker species: Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens), Hairy Woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus), Smoky-brown Woodpecker (Leuconotopicus fumigatus), Checkered Woodpecker (Veniliornis mixtus), and Golden-collared Woodpecker (Veniliornis cassini). Drumming sound recordings were collected from the Xeno-canto website, and key drumming parameters—drum duration, beat number, speed, and cadence—were analysed using Raven Lite 2 software. These findings indicate that while plumage convergence may occur to reduce interspecific competition, behavioural divergence in drumming ensures effective species identification. The study highlights the complex interplay between visual and auditory signals in woodpecker species, providing new insights into the ecological and evolutionary factors driving species coexistence and adaptation.4 0