SACM - United Kingdom
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9667
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Item Restricted Enhancing the Accessibility of Voice Assistants for Individuals with Dysarthria through Non-Verbal Voice Cue Interaction(Cardiff University, 2024) Jaddoh, Aisha; Lozides, FernandoAbstract16 0Item Restricted Towards Supporting People with sight loss in Dynamic Indoor spacing by Utilizing Surveillance Cameras(The University of Sheffield, 2024-07-11) Alrashidi, Abdulaziz; Gotoh, YoshiNavigating unfamiliar places often creates various challenges for visually impaired people (VIPs), thus restricting their independence. Recent studies on indoor wayfinding for VIPs mostly focuses on large spaces such as airports and hospitals, overlooking more compact spaces such as cafes, halls and other smaller venues. These spaces are often characterised by their dynamic nature, with people constantly moving and furniture being rearranged. It leads to user needs that are not sufficiently met by existing assistive technologies (ATs), and poses technical challenges when de veloping cost-effective solutions. The challenges in visiting unfamiliar dynamic environments (UDEs) and the required informa tion to support navigation and wayfinding were investigated as a user study with ten VIPs. This study involved methods for interviewing participants and observing them perform walking jour neys in an unfamiliar room. The qualitative analysis reveals user requirements, useful verbal guid ance and preferred method of their delivery. The need for addressing localisation and mapping was highlighted in the user study as key functional requirements. When developing affordable ATs in UDEs, surveillance cameras have good potential as a plat form because they are widely available infrastructure. This lead to investigating people localisa tion under occlusion and generating semantic representation of dynamic environments from a single view stationary camera.14 0Item Restricted An Investigation into Matching Learning Material to the Different Needs of Arabic Learners with Dyslexia(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-29) Alghabban, Weam Gaoud; Hendley, RobertDyslexia is a common learning disability that affects people’s ability to spell, read words and their fluency in language. Adaptive e-learning is becoming increasingly popular as a tool to help individuals with dyslexia. It provides more-customised learning experiences and interactions based on the learners’ characteristics. Each learner with dyslexia has unique characteristics for which content should ideally be suitably tailored. However, adaptation to satisfy the individual needs and characteristics of learners with dyslexia is limited. In particular, the benefits of adapting e-learning based on dyslexia type or reading skill level have not yet been sufficiently explored, despite the type of dyslexia and the learner’s reading skill level being critical factors. Most previous studies have focused upon the technological aspects and have been marked by inadequately designed and controlled experiments to assess the system’s effectiveness. This limits the ability to understand the effectiveness of adaptation. This thesis aims to increase understanding about the value of adaptation of learning material based on individual dyslexia types and reading skill levels and to understand how this affects the learning experience of learners with dyslexia. To do this, an empirical evaluation through three controlled experiments with a reasonable number of subjects has been undertaken and assessed using the following metrics: learning gain, word understanding, learner satisfaction and perceived level of usability. In all three experiments, careful experimental design and precise reporting of results are all considered. A dynamic, web-based e-learning system that matches learning material based on dyslexia type and/or reading skill level was implemented to support these experiments. Across the three experiments, the findings reveal that matching learning material to dyslexia type, reading skill level and the combination of both, yields significantly better short- and long-term learning gains and improves the learners’ perception of their learning.23 0Item Restricted The Use of Proxies in Designing for and with Autistic Children: Supporting Friendship as a Case Study(2022-09-11) Alabdullatif, Aljawharah; Pain, HelenParticipatory Design (PD) is an approach for designing new technologies which involves end users in the design process. It is generally accepted that involving users in the design process gives them a sense of ownership over the final product which enhances its usability and acceptance by the target population. Employing a PD approach can introduce multiple challenges especially when working with autistic children. Many approaches for involving autistic children and children with special needs were developed to address these challenges. However, these frameworks introduce their own limitations as well. There is an ethical dilemma to consider in the involvement of autistic children in the design process. Although we established the ethical benefit of involving children, we did not address the ethical issues that will result from involving them in these research projects. Among other issues, the nature of design workshops we as a community currently run require working with unfamiliar researchers and communicating with them while social and communication differences are one of the main diagnostic criteria for autism. When designing for autistic children and other vulnerable populations an alternative (or most often an additional) approach is designing with proxies. Proxies for the child can be one of several groups of other stakeholders, such as: teachers, parents and siblings. Each of these groups may inform the design process, from their particular perspective, and as proxies for the target group of autistic children. Decisions need to be made about what stages in the design process are suited to their participation, and the role they play in each case. For this reason, we explore the role of teachers, parents, autistic adults and neurotypical children as proxies in the design process.15 0Item Restricted How Does Bias Affect Users of Artificial Intelligence Systems?(2023) Bubakr, Hebah Abdullah; Baber,ChrisIn large companies, artificial intelligence (AI) is being used to optimise workflow and ensure efficiency. An assumption is that the AI system should remain unaffected by bias or prejudices to contribute to providing fairer results. For example, in the recruitment process, AI ensures that each applicant is judged by the exact criteria in the job description. Our results suggest otherwise; therefore, we wondered whether the problem of bias extends from the training data (which, replicates existing inequalities in organisations) to the design of the AI systems themselves. These learning systems are dependent on knowledge elicited from human experts. However, if the systems are trained to perform and think in the same way as a human, most of the tools would use unacceptable criteria because people consider many personal parameters that a machine should not use. The question remains whether the potential impact of bias is considered in the design of an AI system. In this thesis, several experiments are conducted to study unconscious bias in the application of AI with the aid of two qualitative frameworks and two quantitative questionnaires. We first explore the unconscious bias in user interface designs, then examine programmers’ understanding of bias when creating a purposely biased machine using medical databases. A third study addresses the effect of AI recommendations on decision-making, and finally, we explore whether user acceptance is dependent on the type of AI recommendation, testing various suggestions. This project raises awareness of how the developers of AI and machine learning might have a narrow perspective of ‘bias’ as a statistical problem rather than a social or ethical problem. This limitation is not because they are unaware of these wider concerns but because the requirements relating to the management of data and the implementation of algorithms might restrict their focus to technical challenges. Consequently, bias outcomes can be produced unconsciously because developers are simply not attending to these broader concerns. Creating accurate and effective models is important but so is ensuring that all races, ethnicities and socioeconomic levels are adequately represented in the data model (O’Neil, 2016).24 0Item Restricted Electrtactons: Designing and Evaluating Electrotactile Cues(2023-06-05) Alotaibi, Yosuef; Brewster, StephenElectrotactile feedback is a novel haptic feedback modality that can be used to evoke a desired level of alertness and emotion or convey multidimensional information to the user. However, there is a lack of research investigating its basic design parameters and how they can be used to create effective tactile cues. This thesis investigates the effect of Electrotactile feedback on the subjective perception of specific sensations, such as urgency, annoyance, valence and arousal, to find the number of distinguishable levels in each sensation. These levels are then used for designing structured, abstract, electrotactile messages called Electrotactons. These have potential benefits over vibration-based cues due to the greater flexibility of the actuators. Experiments 1, 2 & 4 investigated the effects of manipulating the basic electrotactile parameters pulse width, amplitude and pulse frequency on perceived sensations. The results showed that all parameters have a significant effect on the perceived sensations, except for pulse frequency not having an effect on valence. Also, pulse frequencies of 30 PPS and above did not influence the perceived sensations. Experiment 3 investigated the use of pulse width, amplitude and pulse frequency to convey three types of information simultaneously encoded into an electrotactile cue. This was the first attempt to design Electrotactons using the basic parameters of electrotactile feedback. The results showed overall recognition rates of 38.19% for the complete Electro- tactons. For the individual component parameters, pulse width had a recognition rate of 71.67%, amplitude 70.27%, and pulse frequency 66.36%. Experiment 5 investigated intensity and pulse frequency to determine how many distinguishable levels could be perceived. Results showed that both intensity and pulse frequency significantly affected perception, with four distinguishable levels of intensity and two of pulse frequency. Experiment 6 investigated the use of intensity and pulse frequency from in Experiment 5 to improve the design of Electrotactons on three body locations using two different size electrodes. The results showed overall recognition rates of up to 65.31% for the complete Electrotactons. For the individual component parameters, intensity had a recognition rate of 68.68%, and pulse frequency 94.41%. These results add significant new knowledge about the parameter space of electrotactile cue design and help designers select suitable properties to use when creating electrotactile cues.22 0