SACM - United Kingdom
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Item Restricted Government Legislation's Influence on Clean Energy Integration: A Legal Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Corporations in Saudi Arabia and the UK Clean Energy Sectors.(University of Westminster, 2025) Alsudais, Saleh; Muth, Daniela1. Abstract: The study has provided a comparative study on the Legal Frameworks prevalent in Saudi Arabia and the UK considering the challenges faced by the corporations dealing with clean energy. It is by the year 2030 that the UK intends to accomplish the aim of producing “about half of its electricity using renewable energy sources, with the remaining 50% to be generated from gas” taking into account the point that it is beyond the testament of the commitment to sustainability for Saudi Arabia. As per the principles of the International Energy Agency (IEA), "Saudi’s electricity generation mix is still dominated by natural gas (58.4%) and oil (41.3%)” with around 0.3% found being “sourced from renewables, the majority of which is generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities” . The Ten Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution, an initiative of the UK has been illustrated in Figure 1 below for harnessing the potential of nature to absorb carbon through the establishment of new National Parks, as well as the Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, thereby founding superior biodiversity-related havens, concentrating on the 2030’s goal of safeguarding the 30% of England’s countryside. Besides, “the Climate Change Act sets legally binding targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the UK by at least 80% by 2050, from 1990 levels” , which has become the Parliament’s Act in the year 2008. 1.1. Research Purpose and Objectives The main purpose of conducting this research is to provide a comparison between the clean energy regulations of Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this context, it considers exploring the impact that Saudi Arabia's accession has on the World Trade Organization taking into account the clean energy sector, encompassing the manner, in which national legislation can be influenced by international trade commitments, thereby supporting the sector’s growth over the years. Considerably, the research objectives that have been formulated for being discussed in the study are as follows: 1. Analyse Government Legislation: Examine how government legislation influences the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. 2. Identify Challenges and Opportunities: Identify the key legal challenges and opportunities that corporations face when complying with clean energy regulations in both regions. 3. Compare Regulatory Frameworks: Provide a comparative analysis of the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK, highlighting similarities and differences. 4. Assess Impact on Corporations: Evaluate the impact of these legislative measures on corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption. 5. Recommend Best Practices: Suggest best practices and actionable insights for policymakers and corporate stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of legal frameworks and promote sustainable corporate growth in the clean energy sector. 1.2. Research Questions The completion of the study can contribute to the addressing of the main research question as provided below: • What are the key similarities and differences between the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK? For addressing the main question, the below-listed sub-questions also need to be duly addressed: • How does government legislation impact the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia? • What are the primary legal challenges and opportunities for corporations complying with clean energy regulations in Saudi Arabia? • How do these legislative measures affect corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption in both regions? • What best practices can be recommended to policymakers and corporate stakeholders to improve legal compliance and promote a robust clean energy sector in Saudi Arabia 1.3. Research Background For the attainment of the research aim and objectives, it is first of all important to understand the different terminologies associated with Clean Energy Legislation, the definitions for the different concepts have thus been outlined herein for setting up an apt foundation for the study. Renewable Energy can be defined as the “energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed” with some of the common ones being solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Although the terms ‘Renewable Energy' and 'Green Energy' are used interchangeably there exists a significant difference between the two and that is Green Energy can be produced from a particular source and with the application of a specific method, which by no means can be harmful to the natural environment. It can hence be stated that all renewable energy sources cannot be considered as green energy but the majority of the sources of green energy are found to be renewable in nature ; . One of the most common types of renewable energy is the Solar Energy and Wind Energy with the former found to be generated from Sun and the latter directly from the air. In this context, Solar energy is found to be “created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun” and is indeed “necessary for life on Earth, and can be harvested for human uses such as electricity” . On the other hand, wind energy generation is primarily associated with kinetic energy, i.e., the energy evolving from motion. To understand wind energy more aptly, it can be stated that a "wind turbine takes the kinetic energy of wind and turns it into electrical energy” . Another important concept to be discussed throughout the study is Carbon Emission, which refers to the carbon compounds getting released into the atmosphere in the forms of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) contributing to the trapping of heat into the atmosphere and in turn leading to the occurrence of global warming as the foremost outcome . To provide a detailed discussion on Clean Energy Integration, knowing about the Hydrogen Economy is of great significance and it can be defined as “a vision of an energy delivery infrastructure based on hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier” . A multifaceted global movement encompasses a state of transition taking place towards renewable energy, as well as sustainability. It is further driven by the factors of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, identifying the urgent need for combating climate change, and promoting environmental conservation. One of the several trends that contributes to the restructuring of the energy landscape universally is the renewable technologies’ economic viability, which can be inferred from the dramatic improvement brought about in the solar, as well as wind power’s competitiveness from the year 2010 to 2020. The electricity expenses incurred from utility-scale solar Photovoltaics (PV) had fallen by 85% with a reduction in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) by 68% followed by a fall in the onshore wind and offshore wind by 56% and 48% respectively. It can further be inferred that “up to 800 gigawatts (GW) of existing coal-fired capacity could be economically replaced by new renewables capacity, saving the electricity system up to USD 32 billion per year and reducing carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions by up to 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2” . Rapidly growing usage of renewable energy technologies is another trend indicating the global shift towards sustainability. It can be understood from the point that wind energy production has risen globally from 0.5 petawatt-hours (PWh) (2011) to 4.8 PWh (2021) with the world found to be harnessing 2.7 PWh of solar energy in the year 2021 from 2009 showing an increase by 4,660%. Contextually, “the shift to renewable energy picked up speed in 2022, contributing to a 107 gigawatt (GW) global surge, making up 90% of new power capacity, fossil fuels included. In 2023, this is expected to surpass 440 GW, matching India's total power capacity. By 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts, driven mostly by solar PV technology advances, this growth will equal the combined power capacities of China and the US” . Therefore, it can be stated that shifts have not by any means taken place automatically but necessitate the need for making continuous investment in the domains of training, as well as re-skilling so that workers can be prepared for taking up the required roles and playing their parts efficiently in the sectors dealing with renewable energy resources. This study initially develops the Introduction chapter, which offers insights into the International Energy Agency’s principles dominating the legal frameworks of the UK and Saudi Arabia along with the policies being presented in the Ten-Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution. The purpose and objective of the study along with the research questions have also been underlined herein with brief description of the related terminologies. This is followed by the second chapter of International Framework for Clean Energy, which demonstrates in details the diverse factors and components of the frameworks and their impacts in the long run. In the third chapter of the study, the Legal Frameworks of Clean Energy prevalent in Saudi Arabia has been discussed in details encompassing the related theoretical frameworks, application of Corporate Social Responsibility policies, and the challenges associated with the same. Another point of discussion under this chapter is the Vision 2030 and Clean Energy Legislation of Saud Arabia, which is followed by the strategic initiatives and legal aspects associated with the same. Clean Energy Legislation Trends of Saudi Arabia has also been discussed herein based on the data gathered on the impacts of the legal frameworks on the corporations dealing with clean energy services. The fourth chapter is the Legal Frameworks of Clean Energy prevalent in the UK, which not only discussed about the relevant theoretical frameworks along with description of the Climate Change Act 2008 and the Green Industrial Revolution but also the Legislation Trends of Clean Energy within the nation. The fifth and the most important chapter of the study is the Comparative Analysis of Legal Frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this case, the foremost section demonstrates the differences lying between the legal and regulatory frameworks of both the nations. The similarities and differences lying amidst the legal challenges in the corporate compliances of the UK and Saudi Arabia have also been critically compared and interpreted under this section. This is followed by the comparison of the clean energy sectors’ opportunities under the existing frameworks, which have been considerably described in this section of the study for demonstrating the differences within the markets of the UK and Saudi Arabia, specifically the grounds of investment incentives and market access as well.21 0Item Restricted Government Legislation's Influence on Clean Energy Integration: A Legal Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Corporations in Saudi Arabia and the UK Clean Energy Sectors.(University of Westminster, 2025) Alsudais, Saleh; Muth, Daniela1. Introduction The study has provided a comparative study on the Legal Frameworks prevalent in Saudi Arabia and the UK considering the challenges faced by the corporations dealing with clean energy. It is by the year 2030 that the UK intends to accomplish the aim of producing “about half of its electricity using renewable energy sources, with the remaining 50% to be generated from gas” taking into account the point that it is beyond the testament of the commitment to sustainability for Saudi Arabia. As per the principles of the International Energy Agency (IEA), "Saudi’s electricity generation mix is still dominated by natural gas (58.4%) and oil (41.3%)” with around 0.3% found being “sourced from renewables, the majority of which is generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities” . The Ten Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution, an initiative of the UK has been illustrated in Figure 1 below for harnessing the potential of nature to absorb carbon through the establishment of new National Parks, as well as the Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, thereby founding superior biodiversity-related havens, concentrating on the 2030’s goal of safeguarding the 30% of England’s countryside. Besides, “the Climate Change Act sets legally binding targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the UK by at least 80% by 2050, from 1990 levels” , which has become the Parliament’s Act in the year 2008. 1.1. Research Purpose and Objectives The main purpose of conducting this research is to provide a comparison between the clean energy regulations of Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this context, it considers exploring the impact that Saudi Arabia's accession has on the World Trade Organization taking into account the clean energy sector, encompassing the manner, in which national legislation can be influenced by international trade commitments, thereby supporting the sector’s growth over the years. Considerably, the research objectives that have been formulated for being discussed in the study are as follows: 1. Analyse Government Legislation: Examine how government legislation influences the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. 2. Identify Challenges and Opportunities: Identify the key legal challenges and opportunities that corporations face when complying with clean energy regulations in both regions. 3. Compare Regulatory Frameworks: Provide a comparative analysis of the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK, highlighting similarities and differences. 4. Assess Impact on Corporations: Evaluate the impact of these legislative measures on corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption. 5. Recommend Best Practices: Suggest best practices and actionable insights for policymakers and corporate stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of legal frameworks and promote sustainable corporate growth in the clean energy sector. 1.2. Research Questions The completion of the study can contribute to the addressing of the main research question as provided below: • What are the key similarities and differences between the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK? For addressing the main question, the below-listed sub-questions also need to be duly addressed: • How does government legislation impact the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia? • What are the primary legal challenges and opportunities for corporations complying with clean energy regulations in Saudi Arabia? • How do these legislative measures affect corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption in both regions? • What best practices can be recommended to policymakers and corporate stakeholders to improve legal compliance and promote a robust clean energy sector in Saudi Arabia17 0Item Restricted Impact of Smart Hotel Technology on Hotel Guests’ Acceptance and Experience in the UK(Oxford Brookes University, 2024-09) Hilmi, Rana; Macaveiu, ClaudiaThis dissertation aims to examine, understand, and explore the effects of smart hotel technology on guests in the UK. Contactless solutions such as digital check-ins/check-outs, AI-based chatbots, or mobile-based room service, in addition to robotic service delivery, have spearheaded increased convenience, customized experiences, and overall guest satisfaction within the hospitality industry. The study aligns itself with a positivist paradigm and uses a deductive approach to research, which is a quantitative descriptive type of research. Primary data is obtained through self-developed and validated closed-ended questionnaires, which are administered to 100 UK hotel guests who are frequent users of hotel services, and this ensures empirical validation of the hypothesis that will be used to assess the impact of smart hotel technology on guests' experience. The systematic review focuses on the advantages of adopting smart hotel technology as well as its impact on the customers and the implementation challenges, such as high implementation costs, cybersecurity issues, and resistance from the older generations. To overcome these barriers, the study suggests that there is a need to set adequate resources in cybersecurity measures, offer elaborate training, enhance the interface, and incorporate the views of guests into the design of the systems. Addressing these challenges, therefore, enables the complete realization of advanced smart hotel technology that offers high-value guest experiences and efficiency gains to hotels. The results provide significant implications for hotel managers in understanding certain specific technology factors and enhancing different dimensions of the guest experience in the context of the emerging hospitality environment.14 0Item Restricted Exploring Multi-Factor Authentication Adoption in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom: The Role of NAFATH(University College London, 2024) Alzayer, Ahmed Faisal A; Becker, IngolfBackground. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security measure designed to enhance the protection of online accounts. Despite its notable benefits, the usability of MFA remains a challenge among users. While several factors influence MFA adoption, there remains a gap in understanding the impact of government-mandated initiatives on its uptake. Aim. The primary aim of this study is to explore the adoption of MFA among online users in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. By comparing these two contexts, the study will provide insights into the effectiveness of government-led initiatives, such as NAFATH, in promoting MFA adoption and compare those rates with the United Kingdom, where such mandates do not exist. Method. The study collected data through online surveys recruiting 300 participants over the age 18: 150 respondents residing in Saudi Arabia, and 150 in the United Kingdom. The data ordinal data was analyzed through non-parametric statistical tests. Results. Empirical findings suggest that there is no significant difference in MFA usage frequencies between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, nor is there a positive correlation between NAFATH usage and MFA usage frequencies in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion. The study highlights the need for a strategy that combines government- led initiatives with user-centric factors to foster higher MFA adoption rates across diverse contexts and to enhance overall cybersecurity by designing more effective policies and measures.41 0Item Restricted Management strategies in the supply chain sector during COVID-19: The case of two leading supermarkets in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia.(Leeds Beckett University, 2024-09-23) Ghonaim, Nojud Asaad; Orekoya, IbrahimThe COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted global supply chains, prompting companies across the globe to rapidly adapt their strategies to mitigate the unprecedented and sudden challenges. This thesis explores the supply chain management strategies employed by two leading supermarket chains – Morrisons in the UK and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia – during the pandemic and COVID-19 crisis. By conducting a comparative analysis of these organisations, the study aims to uncover how diverse socio-economic and cultural contexts impact their adaptive strategies and overall resilience. The comparative analysis reveals significant differences in the supply chain strategies of Morrisons in the United Kingdom and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia. By analysing annual reports from 2020 to 2021 and reviewing relevant literature, the research highlights the urgent need for resilience, innovation and proactive strategic planning to ensure long-term operational continuity during global crises. The findings, which reveal significant differences in the supply chain strategies of Morrisons in the United Kingdom and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia, have significant implications for management professionals and policymakers. They provide practical insights and recommendations, empowering the reader with the knowledge to develop effective crisis response strategies in the retail sector and make informed decisions in their respective roles. This research begins with an introduction and definition of the problem and organisation, followed by an analysis of the literature on supply chains and the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology, which enables comparative analysis and integrating qualitative and quantitative data to explore and comparatively analyse both companies' supply chains, is thorough and robust. Moreover, using an interpretive framework, this study combines qualitative and quantitative data to comprehensively understand the companies’ responses to crises, instilling confidence in the reader about the study's credibility. 2 After analysing the data to find strategies and financial results, the results clear that Morrisons’ focus on local sourcing and internal stability provided a solid foundation for resilience. Morrisons’ approach was deeply rooted in a vertically integrated supply chain, focusing on local sourcing and sustainability initiatives. In contrast, Bin Dawood’s strategies focused on rapid expansion and digital transformation. By strengthening its online retail capabilities and opening new stores in the Middle East, the company sought to meet the increased demand for essential goods during the lockdowns. Both companies have demonstrated great adaptability, but their distinct approaches highlight the importance of context-specific strategies in crisis management. This research contributes to the broader discourse on supply chain resilience and crisis management by providing practical insights into how supermarkets in different regions responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. The thesis concludes with recommendations based on the analysis and findings. This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the challenges faced by Morrisons and Bin Dawood. It also provides valuable lessons for companies aiming to enhance supply chain resilience in a post pandemic world and future global crises that impact corporate economies. Future research should further explore the long-term implications of these strategies, examine how other industries can apply similar approaches to managing global disruption, and investigate supply chain strategies to navigate future global crises.17 0Item Restricted Radicalization Pathways in Prisons: A Comparative Study of Saudi Arabia, and The UK(Swansea University, 2024-09-30) Almawishir, Sultan; Howell, MatthewThis dissertation examines the phenomenon of radicalization in prison environments through a comparative analysis of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. It explores how different cultural, political, and institutional frameworks influence pathways to extremism in these countries’ prison systems. Saudi prisons, shaped by centralized governance and Sharia law, emphasize punishment over rehabilitation, creating conditions conducive to fostering extremist ideologies. Conversely, UK prisons prioritize rehabilitation but struggle with systemic issues such as overcrowding and staff shortages, which weaken deradicalization efforts. By analyzing institutional cultures, penal philosophies, and the dynamics of extremist networks, the study identifies key drivers of prison radicalization and evaluates the effectiveness of current counter-radicalization strategies in both contexts. Findings highlight the need for nuanced, culturally-sensitive policies to mitigate the risks associated with prison radicalization while enhancing rehabilitation frameworks. This research contributes valuable insights for policymakers and criminologists aiming to address the global challenge of extremism within correctional facilities.12 0Item Restricted IPO Regulation in Saudi Arabia: A Look into IPO Listing Requirements and their Future Suitability(University of Edinburgh, 2024) Mushaikh, Yousuf; Hood, ParkerThis thesis discusses the KSA capital market in light of the recent rise of private companies pursuing initial public offerings. The thesis discusses the history of KSA's capital market and its continuous growth in light of Vision 2030 and its realization programs. The thesis provides an overview of the listing requirements for IPOs in both Tadawul's main market and NOMU and assesses them in a comparative manner with UK's IPO listing rules. The aim of this thesis is to analyse IPO listing requirements in KSA and their role in enabling private companies going public. The thesis looks into the potential difficulties private companies may face in going public and analyses them while also looking into the potential of introducing SPACs in KSA to further grow the capital market, in line with Vision 2030's goals.26 0Item Restricted To What Extent Do Variations in Copyright Legal Frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom Affect the Protection of the Author’s Moral Rights?(University of Reading, 2024-08-09) Alassaf, Nawaf; Briel, MarziaThis thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the laws governing copyright, that is the authors’ rights to their original works under the UK and Saudi Arabia jurisdiction. This comparative study examines the protection of the moral rights relating to authors’ recognition, respect, creative integrity, reputation, and personal interest and their connection to their work and creativity in both countries. It also analyses the need for effective legal mechanisms to address copyright protection, including ownership and licensing, in the age of artificial intelligence and new technology. This thesis demonstrates the differences between two different legal systems and their impact on the protection of the authors’ moral rights and highlights the gaps that need to be addressed by policy-makers. The study’s findings are important as they facilitate cross-jurisdictional learning and the observation of shared principles and practical mechanisms to provide worldwide protection for authors’ moral rights. It starts by highlighting the copyright frameworks under international law and the significance of researching this topic, followed by an overview of both the UK and Saudi copyright law and their similarities and differences. It also draws a link between moral and economic rights as well as the public right to access cultural materials, the effectiveness of moral rights in legal contexts and the development of intellectual property and authorship under copyright law.64 0Item Restricted Health and Safety in the Construction Industry at the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(University of Greenwich, 2017-09-01) Wafa, Hatem; Smis, DeborahHazards in the construction industry have expensive direct and indirect project costs due to accidents. As such, demand to find solutions to these problems have escalated in the past three decades. Project cost, quality, safety, and duration are core elements that contribute to project success however firms still cut their allocated safety budgets. Results show these firms have more injuries and go over budget demonstrating they have a strong relationship between safety and performance. This research reviewed the safety legislation in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as well as the accident rates in these two countries, reviewed the literature on safety practises in the construction industry in the KSA and, investigated safety practises in a large railway project in the KSA. The results from the literature review showed that despite similarities in construction safety legislation in the UK and the KSA, the KSA has a significantly higher rate of accidents. Also, finding from the literature review as well as the results from the survey on safety practises in the large railway project in the KSA showed that safety legislation was not completely followed in the KSA. To improve safety practises in the KSA, this research has developed a set of recommendation based on literature review and the study of safety practises in the large railway project in the KSA to help improve safety practises in the construction industry in the KSA.26 0Item Restricted Biomarkers to predict advanced liver diseases(University of Nottingham, 2024-08) Alenezi, Yusef; Morling, Joanne; Card, TimBackground: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than two million deaths annually worldwide. In recent years, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has been a fast-emerging cause of CLD, which can progress to advanced conditions such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver failure. While the condition of simple steatosis in NAFLD patients is usually benign, the risk of progression to advanced CLD underscores the importance of early detection, as late diagnosis frequently leads to poor patient outcomes. As a result, considerable effort is now being made to find non-invasive methods for the early detection of CLD. This study assesses the feasibility of using non-invasive biomarkers to predict the progression to advanced CLD. In order to achieve this, it begins by assessing the prevalence of NAFLD in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and then determines the availability of non-invasive biomarkers among UK primary care patients. Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis were used to assess NAFLD prevalence among the general population in the UK and KSA. Then, three retrospective cohort studies were conducted using Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) data from 1 Jan 1990 – 31 Dec 2016. The first study determined the proportion of patients over 40 with data within their records to calculate normal or abnormal liver fibrosis biomarkers. The second and third studies utilised CPRD data, comprising all cases eligible for linkage to the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) cancer registry database, ONS death registration, and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data to identify patients who have been diagnosed with advanced CLD and determine whether the AST/ALT ratio, APRI score, and FIB-4 index could be used to predict subsequent advanced CLD in those for whom they were assessed. Findings: The systematic review studies showed an estimated pooled prevalence of NAFLD among disease-unrestricted populations to be 16.8% and 23.8% for KSA and the UK, respectively. There is good evidence that adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher prevalence of NAFLD in both countries. The CPRD findings showed that the most frequent calculable biomarker was the APRI score, followed by the AST/ALT, and the least calculable biomarker was the FIB-4. However, despite being the most calculable biomarker, the prevalence of abnormal APRI was lower than that of the other biomarkers. The findings also demonstrated that the AST/ALT ratio, APRI score, and FIB-4 index allow for the appropriate identification of patients at a higher risk of developing advanced CLD or the outcomes of liver transplantation and, possibly, death. Notably, based on conventional cutoffs, abnormal APRI scores showed a stronger association with the development of the outcomes than the abnormal AST/ALT ratio and Fib4 index. Conclusion: This thesis revealed a high prevalence of NAFLD among the general population in the UK and KSA. The studies in this thesis have clearly shown that abnormal biomarkers allow for the appropriate identification of patients at a higher risk of developing advanced CLD. The use of routinely collected data to measure the availability of these biomarkers reveals the potential and practicality of a large dataset for future biomarker studies11 0
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