SACM - United Kingdom
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9667
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Item Restricted Effects of Ketogenic Diets on Body Composition in Adults with Obesity and Overweight – Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alotaibi, Sultana; Brown, Adrian; Kalea, AnastasiaEffects of Ketogenic Diets on Body Composition in Adults with Obesity and Overweight – Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Abstract (250 words): Background/Objectives: Even though ketogenic diets (KD) are gaining more attention in weight management, their effects on body composition as a standalone treatment remain uncertain. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of KD (<50g/day of carbohydrate) as the sole intervention for over 12 weeks on body composition outcomes in adults living with overweight/obesity. Methods: Three different databases (Cochrane library, Embase, and Ovid Medline) were searched following PRISMA guidelines for randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) published in the last twenty years. Studies were included if they reported at least one of the following outcomes [fat mass (kg or %), lean mass (kg or %), fat-free mass “FFM” (kg), bone mass content (kg) or /density (g/cm2)]. Screening was performed using Rayyan website. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively exploring dietary composition heterogeneity, confirmation of ketosis, and data analyses. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 tool. Results: Eight studies met our criteria, all of them had concerns on risk of bias. Studies showed that KD had greater effects in decreasing body fat and lean mass compared to other interventions; however, these effects tend not to be significant. There were no effects on FFM and bone mass, but long-term studies were limited. Conclusions: KD appear to effectively decrease fat mass but may negatively affect lean mass especially in the short term. Future studies should aim for controlling carbohydrate and protein intake to confirm the impacts of KD on body composition in the long term.8 0Item Restricted The Effect of Green Tea Supplementation on Overweight and Obese Women of Reproductive Age (18–50 Years): A Systematic Review(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Almutairi, Omar; Sue, Azam-AliBackground: Overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age pose substantial health risks. Green tea (GT), rich in catechins such as epigallocatechin-3- gallate, has been proposed as an adjunct to lifestyle interventions for weight management. However, evidence across studies, mainly due to variability in dose, formulation and co-interventions, remains inconclusive. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of GT supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in women of reproductive age 18–50 years who suffer from overweight/obesity. Methodology: A systematic search (2010 onwards) of PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) identified 663 records; after removing 286 duplicates, 377 titles/abstracts were screened and 50 full texts assessed. Seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria (women 18–50 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²; GT tablets/capsules/powder; 4–12 weeks). The primary outcomes were changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC); secondary outcomes included lipid profile, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Results: Across the seven RCTs (n = 255), GT supplementation was associated with modest reductions in body weight (−1.8 to −5.7 kg) and BMI (−0.7 to −1.8 kg/m²), with some evidence of decreases in WC. Effects were most pronounced when supplementation was combined with structured exercise. Trials prescribing isocaloric, energy-restricted diets to both groups often showed minimal between-group differences, underscoring the primacy of energy deficit. Effects on triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were heterogeneous and often aligned with training rather than GT itself; fasting glucose generally showed no meaningful between-group differences. Conclusion: GT supplementation appears to provide small but potentially meaningful benefits for weight management in overweight and obese women of reproductive age, particularly when combined with exercise. However, heterogeneity in dose, intervention design and study quality limits definitive conclusions. Larger, longer-term RCTs are required to determine whether these short-term benefits translate into sustained improvements in anthropometric and cardiometabolic health.10 0Item Restricted Rapid Evaluation of Saudi Arabia’s Nutritional Labelling Policy(University College London, 2024) Al Shaber, Joud; Beard, EmmaBackground: Unhealthy weight is a major global health issue. It's particularly severe in Saudi Arabia (SA) where over 35% of adults are classified as obese. SA’s response has included policies for healthier living, featuring nutritional labelling to help consumers make informed food choices. Aims: This dissertation aims to conduct a rapid systematic review to evaluate the different labelling strategies. Findings will then be used to make evidenced-based recommendations to the existing nutritional labelling policies in SA. Methods: Systematic reviews were first identified from the World Obesity Federation. A rapid search was also conducted in PubMed and Embase from 2021 until January 2024 to identify any recent systematic reviews which may not have been identified by the World Obesity Federation. Search queries included categories on intervention (e.g., nutrition logo, Nutrition Facts, traffic light) and reviews. Online searches were complemented by hand-searching of reference lists as well as the first 20 “related articles” in PubMed for each included systematic review. Gray literature was searched on Google. Results: Sixteen reviews were found. Many identified a positive impact of warning labels, traffic light systems, and color-coded labels on consumer behaviour. However, efficacy depended on several design features (e.g. size, colour and placement) and was increased when part of a multi-component intervention including education and awareness campaigns. Considering SA’s rudimentary nutritional labelling system, the review suggests the adoption of more accessible and interpretative labels, coupled with public health campaigns and pricing strategies, to steer consumers towards healthier alternatives. Conclusion: Evidence from various countries indicate that interpretative labels, such as traffic light systems and warning labels, successfully promote healthier food selections. Subsequent research should concentrate on the enduring impacts of these labelling strategies within Saudi Arabia's distinct socio-cultural setting, investigating demographic variances and the potential role of digital tools in boosting label utilization and understanding.29 0