SACM - South Korea
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9665
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Item Restricted A highly sensitive lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid and on-site detection of enrofloxacin in milk(Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022-10-24) Alhammadi, Munirah; Yoo, Jingon; Sonwal, Sonam; Park, So Young; Reddicherla, Umapathi; Oh, Mi-Hwa; Huh, Yun Suk; Huh, Yun SukEnrofloxacin (ENR) is a veterinary antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in livestock. It chiefly persists in foods and dairy products, which in turn pose severe risks to human health. Hence it is very important to detect the ENR in foods and dairy products to safeguard human health. Herein, we attempted to develop a single-step detection lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the rapid and on-site detection of ENR in milk samples. An anti-enrofloxacin monoclonal antibody (ENR-Ab) was conjugated with AuNPs for the specific detection of ENR in milk samples. For sensitivity improvement, many optimization steps were conducted on LFIA test strips. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) was found to be 20 ng/ml with a cut-off value of 50 ng/ml in the milk samples. The obtained LOD and cut-off value were within the safety limit guidelines of the Ministry of food and drug safety, South Korea. The test strip showed negligible cross-reactivity with ENR analogs, and other components of antibiotics, this indicates the high specificity of the LFIA test strip towards ENR. The designed test strip showed good reliability. The visual test results can be seen within 10 min without the need for special equipment. Therefore, the test strip can be employed as a potential detection strategy for the qualitative on-site detection of enrofloxacin in milk samples.7 0Item Restricted Synergistic Effect of Nano Silver Fluoride (NSF) with L-Arginine on Remineralization of Early Carious Lesions: an in Vitro Study(2023) Albahoth, Ahmad; Park, Jeong WonAlthough different dental anticarious agents have been introduced over the years. The prevalence of dental caries remains prevalent worldwide. Therefore, effective alternative approaches to the existing ones are still needed. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the remineralizing and staining effects of nano silver fluoride with L-arginine (NSF+ Arg) on artificially demineralized permanent enamel lesions with other experimental groups, including nano silver fluoride (NSF), silver diamine fluoride (SDF), and sodium fluoride varnish (NaF). NSF and NSF + Arg formulations were prepared and characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. Demineralized human enamel specimens were allocated randomly to five groups of 15 specimens each. Group I received a topical application of a 2.5 % NaF Varnish (FluoriMax, Elevate Oral Care, West Palm Beach, FL, USA). Group II received a topical application of a 12% SDF (Dengen Dental, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India). Group III received a topical application of NSF solution (lab made). Group IV received a topical application of NSF + Arg solution (lab made). Group V received deionized water that served as a control group. After applying the test materials, all the specimens underwent a 10-day pH-cycling model. The surface morphology, color parameters, mineral density, and surface microhardness (SMH) were assessed on each enamel specimen using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), digital spectrophotometry, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and Vickers microhardness tester, respectively. TEM analysis of both NSF + Arg and NSF formulations revealed relatively mono-dispersed spherical silver nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 3 to 18 nm. SEM examination showed the smoothest enamel surface in the NSF + Arg group and the roughest in the control group. Among the tested groups, only the group treated with SDF (Group II) exhibited a significant black staining of enamel specimens, as indicated by a higher ΔE value (57.84 ± 1.84). In contrast, the remaining groups (I, III, IV, and V) demonstrated lower ΔE values (3.18 ± 1.56, 3.94 ± 1.35, 3.60 ± 1.17, 2.27 ± 0.52), respectively. The %SMH for groups I, II, III, IV, and V showed an increase of 30.6%, 37.7%, 28.1%, 41.8%, and 1.6%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences among the tested groups except for the control group. Among the experimental groups, NSF + Arg exhibited the highest mineral gains and % remineralization, but there were no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, judging by our results, the NSF + Arg formulation could serve as an alternative approach to SDF. This is due to its ability to remineralize early carious lesions without causing black staining.14 0Item Restricted Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Boswellia Serrata Extract for Cosmetic Ingredient(2023-05-30) Alraddadi, Bssmah Ghazi m; Hyun-Jae, ShinBoswellia serrata resin, which is an important source of gum oleoresin known as Indian frankincense and is well documented for its pharmaceutical properties due to its chemical structure, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and the presence of several compounds such as polyphenols, phenols, and terpenoids. In the experimental study, it was observed that Boswellia Serrata resin extracts in- hibited antibacterial activity in all strains for the relevant concentrations. The diameter of the zone of inhibition for the B. serrata extract for S. epidermidis ranged from 13.3±0.58 to 10.3±0.58 mm, for M. furfur from10.6±0.58 to 9±0 mm, for M. pachy- dermatis from13.25±0.35 to 9.75±1.06 mm, and for C. acnes from 11.83±0.29 to 9.5±0 mm in the anaerobic jar. antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH It was confirmed that there was high- er activity in the Water Fr. compared to the Other fractions; respectively, Water Fr. IX showed the highest scavenging activity 902.19 ± 35.53 µg/mL, Ethyl acetate Fr. 20436 ± 652.19 µg/mL ,70% EtOH Fr. 8627.74± 369.22 µg/mL, and the Hexane Fr. Shows No scavenging activity. According to ABTS assay, the Water fraction demonstrated the maximum scavenging activity with a scavenging activity of 1845.08 ± 2265.74, followed by the ethyl acetate fraction with a scavenging activity of 12167.16 ± 8152.82 µg/mL. polyphenol and flavonoid content in the Water Fr. was the highest; it reached TPC 32.15 ± 0.75 ⅿg/mL and TFC 20.29 ± 1.47 ⅿg/mL. This study shows that the Boswellia serrata resin have some biological activities, and if they differ in terms of effectiveness and activity, they can be considered a good component of cosmetic products.42 0Item Restricted Optimization and Characterization of Phoenix dactylifera L. Extracts on Anti-oxidant, Anti-melanogenesis, and Anti-diabetic Potentials(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-15) Alshammari, Fanar Hamad; Sang-Han, LeeThe optimization of the extraction of various dates from Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and other locations and their polyphenolic content as well as antioxidant activities were described in the prior literature; however, no systematic statistical technique was applied [1,18,19]. Additionally, the majority of the optimization of the extraction process was performed solely using RSM methodology, but the illustrious scientists made no attempt to compare the efficacy of predictive modeling with alternative, more effective methods such as ANN. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use heat extraction (HE) with RSM and ANN to enhance the polyphenolic components and antioxidant activity of ripe Ajwa Date Seed (ADS) extracts. The aim was to use the RSM Box Behnken Design (BBD) tool to investigate and optimize extraction parameters such as extraction temperature, time, and ethanol concentration to acquire the maximum polyphenolic content and antioxidant potentiality from ADS. We argue that the projected values generated by the RSM-BBD approach correspond to the actual results and that this statistical tool is an effective model to optimize ADS polyphenolic compound extraction and antioxidant activity. The estimating capabilities and modeling effectiveness of the RSM and ANN models were also statistically examined. Additionally, we have also profiled the secondary metabolites of ADS using high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. About 15% of world population accounts for consuming whitening agents of skin in Asia along with increased interest about inner beauty products of skin whitening. Human skin, hair, and iris color are all determined by melanin, which is biosynthesized by three enzymes in human (74,80). Accumulation of melanin is dysregulated by melanogenesis process within the intracellular melanosomes presented in melanocytes [80]. Tyrosinase is a multifunctional enzyme taken part in production of melanin, which catalyzes the hydroxylation and subsequent oxidation of tyrosine, making it a crucial and rate-limiting processes of melanogenesis. It has been reported that tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYP1) catalyzes the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxy indole-2-carboxylicacid (DHICA), and hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalnin (DOPA) (monophenolase) and the oxidation of DOPA to dopaquinone (diphenolase) in mice [76,80]. But this activity has been questioned in humans. Tyrosinase is structurally designed to store two copper ions in its active site for catalytic activity. Potentially chelating copper, extracts may limit tyrosinase activity in the skin, which would prevent melanogenesis. [81]. Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) is a tautomerize. Melanosomes are the sites of activity for the three enzymes, all of which are metal-containing glycoproteins. Furthermore, melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates melanocyte proliferation, differentiation, and melanogenesis [78,79]. MITF is responsible for regulating the expression of these enzymes. Thus, the downregulation of melanogenesis-related proteins is one way to investigate the anti-whitening effect. In recent, there are no reports on potential regulation of melanogenesis of ADS. The purpose of present study was to confirm inhibitory effects of ADS on melanogenesis underlying mechanism.8 0Item Restricted The Impact of Push and Pull Factors and Attitudes Towards Religion on Korean Travelers Intention to Visit Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-26) Alkurashi, Bashaer Salem; Nam, YoonjaeThe Korean travel market is one of the most important international markets for many countries around the world. Millions of Koreans travel abroad each year either for business, leisure, or holiday. However, many Saudi researchers are yet to shine the light and further investigate this. In order to increase the number of Korean travelers who are visiting Saudi Arabia, it is important to learn and understand what are the push and pull factors that will influence their travel-related intention for developing appropriate marketing strategies to attract them. Also, to find out if their attitudes towards religion had an impact on their travel intention to visit Saudi Arabia, is it a positive impact or a negative impact? This study was aiming to examine travel intention of Korean travelers to Saudi Arabia by using the push and pull motivational factor. The main objective of this research paper was to determine the impact of push and pull factors on travel intentions among Korean travelers. Next, the research paper analyzed how did push and pull factors impacted Korean travelers Intention to visit Saudi Arabia and how did the effect of attitudes towards religion motivated travelers and transformed their motivation into action (travel intention). To test the hypotheses and relationship between the variables, the survey data was analyzed through a factor analysis, reliability test, correlation test, as well as hierarchical multi-regression. A total of 254 valid Korean participants in and outside of Korea took part in the questionnaire survey, for which a snowball sampling technique was used. From the results, it was found that there was a significant relationship between push factors and Korean travel intention. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between their attitudes towards religion and their travel intention. The results of this study help to provide insight into which push and pull factors the Saudi Arabia tourism and marketing industry should focus on to better reach, attract, and stimulate the travel intentions of Korean tourists to Saudi Arabia.129 0Item Restricted Chronic sinusitis blocked the maxillary sinus caused by displaced root along 10 years(Saudi Digital Library, 2024) Alamr, Abdulrahman; Park, Jin hooIntroduction: The maxillary sinus was first found by ancient Egyptians and has been well studied because of its unique structure compared to other paranasal sinuses due to its relation anatomically with the teeth [1]. It has been suggested that any case of maxillary sinusitis with unknown cause needs to be assessed dentally. Thus, that justifies requesting facial radio-graphic imaging to exclude any foreign body displacement into the sinus [3]. The current updates showed between 30% to 40% of chronic maxillary rhinosinusitis caused by dental origin Case Report: A 40-year-old housemaid was referred by an ENT doctor after he noticed in her CT a suspected root in the right sinus associated with chronic sinusitis. The reason for her initial presence at the ENT clinic was generalized pain extended around the right cheek area and difficulty breathing noticed from the right nostril. The Caldwell Luc approach creates a small hole with a small round bur to create a minimal square shape on the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. Curved artery forceps, and good lightening, the exact location of the displaced root specified and delivered out of the sinus successfully. An antrostomy was performed to enhance the airflow from the right nostril. Discussion: The recent review articles highlighted the importance of assessing and reviewing the maxillary dentition when requesting a head and neck CT or MRI [6]. Even if they are not causing symptoms, surgical removal is necessary for foreign objects in the paranasal sinuses. This treatment plan was chosen due to the potential tissue reactions caused by the foreign object [7]. The standardized diagnostic process and Caldwell-Luc method for extracting a displaced root from the maxillary sinus is a secure, uncomplicated, and quick technique with few complications [8]. Conclusion: It is essential to define the reason for the chronic sinusitis. In case the sinusitis and its associated symptoms develop due to a dental origin, removing the cause surgically is highly crucial to stop the progression of the disease. Caldwell-well luc approach under general anesthesia was efficient and practical without any complication or difficulty during the surgery.7 0Item Restricted The practical application of 3D printers in the fabrication of a flexible heatsink for heat applications(Keimyung University, 2024-02-15) Alshammari, Talal; Kim, JonghyunThe innovative concept of converting solid thermal reducers into flexible counterparts has emerged as a captivating advancement in the realms of thermal management and material science. Flexible designs represent a dynamic and adaptable solution in the domain of thermal management. This study endeavors to concentrate on the meticulous design and manufacturing of high-performance heatsinks by using 3D printing with exceptional flexibility, specially tailored for effortless integration into collapsible electronic devices. The fabrication of heatsinks with varying ratios of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was conducted, and the optimal ratio was determined based on design elements (i.e., fin length, fin design, heat dissipation efficiency, tensile strength, flexibility, and bending moment analysis). The heatsink with 5% MWCNTs in PDMS displayed the optimal highest efficiency in heat dispersion. Bending and tension tests approved the excellent mechanical properties of the flexible heatsink. The effectiveness of the flexible heatsink based on MWCNT/PDMS has been proven experimentally to be wearable. These results reveal that the MWCNT/PDMS composite-based heatsink can be a good candidate in the thermal interface for the thermal management of electronic devices.17 0Item Restricted Pseudo-Labeling for Deep Learning-Based Side-Channel Disassembly Using Contextual Layer and Feature Engineering(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alabdulwahab, Saleh Sami S; Son, YunsikEmbedded devices face critical cyber-attacks due to their lightweight design and the sensitive data they handle. Integrating cloud and embedded systems increases the need for security measures against threats. Among these threats are deep learning-based side-channel disassembly attacks, which can expose sensitive information or steal software intellectual properties. Conducting a security test to evaluate the systems against these threats is essential. However, the main challenges include a comprehensive and refined dataset for training deep learning-based side-channel attacks and the lack of public datasets; labeling and profiling such attacks are costly and time-consuming. Additionally, accurately disassembling a single instruction is difficult due to the multiple classes representing each instruction and the obfuscation caused by dummy instructions. This study aimed to create an advanced side-channel evaluation methodology that performs three main deep-learning tasks: profiling using context-aware pseudo-labeling techniques at an instruction level, a disassembly model enhanced with moving log-transformed temporal interaction features, and a sequence labeling model for the detection of dummy instructions using natural language processing techniques. Utilizing gated recurrent units, the proposed pseudo-labeling model achieved 0.996 R2 in estimating the power trace for the assembly instructions. The proposed features improved the disassembly model's accuracy to 0.993, outperforming the related works. Additionally, the detection of dummy instructions using a long short-term memory model reached an accuracy of 0.979. This study provides valuable insights and methodology for measuring the software robustness against side-channel attacks.16 0Item Restricted Exploring the Exponential Harmonic Index in QSPR Modelling and Extremal Graph Theory(Sungkyunkwan University, 2025) Alharbi, Manar Sadaq; Das, Kinkar ChandraAbstract Exploring the Exponential Harmonic Index in QSPR Modelling and Extremal Graph Theory Topological indices, invariant under symmetry transformations that preserve a graph’s connectivity, are fundamental tools in mathematical chemistry. By capturing intrinsic symmetries and connectivity patterns, these indices provide insightful analyses of molecular stability, reactivity, and other fundamental properties, making them indispensable in cheminformatics and theoretical chemistry. Among these, the harmonic index is significant in both chemistry and mathematics. It is a variant of the Randi´c index, which is widely recognized as one of the most effective molecular descriptors in investigations of structure-property and structure-activity relationships. In comparison to the Randi´c index, the harmonic index exhibits slightly stronger correlations with the physicochemical properties of molecules. The harmonic index of a graph G, denoted by H(G), is formulated as: H = H(G) = ∑ vi vj ∈ E(G) 2 / (di + dj) , where di and dj represent the degrees of the vertices vi and vj, respectively. In recent years, various exponential vertex-degree-based topological indices have been reported. In this paper, we define the exponential harmonic index (EH) as follows: EH = EH(G) = ∑ vi vj ∈ E(G) e^(2 / (di + dj)). The exponential harmonic index (EH) is investigated here from both chemical and mathematical perspectives. We examine the EH index’s capability to predict various physicochemical properties through quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) analysis. Furthermore, we describe the maximal and minimal trees with respect to the EH index. Further- more, the maximal tree for EH is characterized in relation to a given maximum degree. Finally, we conclude by summarizing our key insights and outlining potential directions for future research.13 0Item Restricted Personal Values and Attitudes Towards Corporate Sustainability: An Analysis of Saudi Arabian Business School Students(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alabdulwahab, Bashair Sami S; Jun, HannahThis dissertation addresses the urgent need to understand how sustainability education and personal values shape the future workforce in Saudi Arabia, a key player in global business and energy markets. As sustainability becomes increasingly critical for international businesses, it is vital to examine how universities are preparing students and how personal values impact perceptions of sustainability – particularly in a country with massive global operations like Saudi Arabia. From an academic perspective, this research fills a critical gap as (to the best of the author’s knowledge) no previous studies have explored the integration of corporate sustainability (CS) into Saudi Arabian business curricula or analyzed students’ values and attitudes toward CS. This is especially the case when it comes to understanding whether and to what extent gender-based differences in values and attitudes exist. From a practitioner’s standpoint, understanding these dynamics is essential for businesses aiming to align corporate sustainability initiatives with the values of their future employees, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of sustainability programs on a global scale. This study focuses on two sets of analyses. First, this dissertation provides an analysis of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) curricula in Saudi universities to assess the integration of CS-related courses. Second, this dissertation focuses on a survey of 236 students from King Saud University to investigate personal values and attitudes toward CS. The curriculum analysis revealed that CS-related courses made up 15.73% of BBA major requirements, focusing on business ethics, sustainable business, and environmental studies. The survey results showed a gendered distinction: female students prioritized a broader set of values, such as achievement, hedonism, benevolence, and universalism, while male students emphasized achievement, security, and tradition. These differences shaped their attitudes toward economic and environmental sustainability, with both groups deeming social sustainability less of a priority. This research contributes to academic literature by highlighting the intersection of gender, personal values, and sustainability education in a rapidly developing context. It also provides practical insights for international businesses on how to tailor their sustainability initiatives to align with the diverse values of future graduates. Moreover, it agrees that gender differences in value attitudes toward sustainability tend to be rooted in Gender Socialization Theory, Social Identity Theory, Values Theory, and Moral Foundations Theory.13 0Item Restricted Improving Feature Selection in Medical Image Segmentation(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ALABDULWAHAB, Abrar Sami S; Sang, Woong LeeColorectal cancer is considered one of the most common cancers worldwide, representing about one in 10 cancer cases and deaths globally. It starts as small, benign polyps which may turn into cancer. Early detection and removal of polyps is crucial to prevent colorectal cancer and ensure appropriate patient treatment. Due to the polyp features, accurately segmenting it can be challenging. Deep learning methods have been used to detect colorectal polyps by extracting the features. However, most of these approaches have limitations in handling polyp variations and often struggle with generalization when trained on small datasets or when encountering polyps with indistinct boundaries. Therefore, Duck-Net was proposed to segment polyps in colonoscopy images and address these challenges through its architecture, by creating a custom convolutional block and applying a secondary downsampling. However, Duck-Net has some limitations when it comes to polyps that have the same color as the colon, making it challenging for the model to detect these polyps. Therefore, Duck-Net performance needs further enhancement to segment and detect small-size, flat polyps, polyps with unclear edges, and subtle abnormalities, which are clinically significant for proper diagnosis. Attention mechanism, and Conv2DTranspose layer could be used to overcome such problems. Therefore, this thesis proposes a method based on a Duck-Net, integrated with the convolutional block attention module and conv2DTranspse to enhance feature representation, improve interpretability, generate higher-resolution outputs and the ability to capture vital small information from images consistently. This study confirmed that Duck-Net’s performance, when integrated with the convolutional block attention module block and conv2DTranspose layer, further enhanced image segmentation and outperformed the standard method in image segmentation and detection of polyps. It is feasible to segment and detect undetectable small-size, flat-shaped lesion polyps, and polyps with indistinct boundaries, which are considered factors for increased miss rate of colorectal cancer polyp detections.10 0Item Restricted Antioxidant activity of Ajwa date extract for cosmetic ingredient(Saudi Digital Library) KHLOOD LAFI DAWI ALHARBY; Hyun-Jae ShinAjwa date fruit (DF) and Ajwa date fruit seed (DFS) are essential sources of phe- nolic compounds with many health benefits. To investigate the potentials of DF and DFS in neutralizing free radicals, they were extracted by three different methods: 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and hot water extract, and the results showed a difference be- tween them in terms of the effectiveness of antioxidants and the number of phenolic compounds. In the experimental study, it was observed that all three extracts containing flavonoids had antioxidant activity, and found that this activity differed between each extract in terms of concentration, where the 100% ethanolic extract of the seeds (DFS3) showed the most significant activity in the hydroxyl radical family, when using antioxidant assay DPPH and ABTS. It was also found that these extracts had different amounts of phenolic compounds, and the hot water extract of the fruit (DF1) recorded the highest content of phenolic compounds, up to 3008.66 μg/g. This study shows that the fruits and seeds of the Ajwa date palm have a good re- turn in terms of natural compounds that showed some biological activities, and although they differ in terms of effectiveness and activity, they can be considered a good component of cosmetic products.38 0Item Restricted The Effect of WOM and e-WOM on Brand Trust and Purchase Intention in Luxury Brand Purchase contexts: Compared with Korean and Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library) DEEMA MOHAMMED ALTHEYAB; Chuljae ChoiThe future portends market alteration, increased competition, and a demand for creative and aggressive marketing practices. As traditional word of mouth evolved into a new form as electronic word of mouth, the influence of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) on customer purchase intention has long been known, and the emergence of social media fads have created a new perspective to e-WOM through enabling users to communicate with their existing online platforms on the internet, users can exchange their opinions and experiences about products or services with others, either people who they already know such as friends or complete strangers. While e-WOM has an impact on customers, and their purchase intentions, researchers are undertaking research to explore WOM and e-WOM impacts on purchase intention. However, few studies have investigated cross cultural and comparative differences between countries according to such type of studies. Therefore, the present study explores the impact of WOM and e-WOM with the mediating effect of brand trust and the moderating effect of brand image of luxury brands of South Korean and Saudi Communities, Brand Trust, Brand image, and Purchase Intention comparing which type of the WOM has the highest impact. In this regard, we proposed a model containing five variables (WOM, e-WOM, Brand Trust, Luxury Brand Image, and Purchase Intention). Some of the key findings include that the relationships between the variables for both groups were positive (WOM, e-WOM, Brand Trust, Luxury Brand Image, Purchase Intention), except the e-WOM -brand trust relationship which was negative for the Korean group and the WOM -brand trust which was negative for the Saudi group.3 0Item Restricted Overview of anal fistula and systematic review of ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT)(Saudi Digital Library) SAMI FAHAD I ALASARI; N. K. Kim3 0Item Restricted The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediating Role of Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship and The Moderating Role of Risk Propensity(Saudi Digital Library) AYESHA FARHAN FAHAD ALAQEEL; Advisor Prof. Junghyun Yoon . Prof. Alisher DedahanovThe real challenge for young people in today's economic and social environment is the acquisition and development of entrepreneurship-related skills to translate entrepreneurship into desirable employment choices. The field of higher education can play an important role in bridging the gap between theoretical and practical entrepreneurship by providing specific training on entrepreneurship, and higher education institutions will enhance the entrepreneurial will of these young minds and provide a platform You can play a role. We help students become aware of entrepreneurial opportunities and gain insight through regular interactions with already successful entrepreneurs. This study examines the effects of innovation and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship, especially attitudes toward entrepreneurship and risk taking. It aims to investigate the role of inclination. This study adopted a quantitative research approach as a survey design. The population for the study consists of 350 responses and data is collected in Saudi Arabia. Although the questionnaire was written in English, it was translated into Arabic to obtain accurate data as Arabic is the native language of Saudis. In the study, we develop a model that presents attitudes towards entrepreneurship as a mediator between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions, and use risk-taking propensity as a moderator between attitudes towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. Several standard analysis techniques were used, such as factorial, correlation, reliability, and hierarchical regression analysis. Our results indicate that entrepreneurship education is positively related to attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Additionally, the findings suggest that attitudes toward entrepreneurship promote entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, hierarchical regression analysis indicates that risk appetite does not mitigate the link between attitudes towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions. A potential reason for this result is that when individuals develop positive attitudes about entrepreneurship, they may overlook risk factors because of their positive thoughts about starting a business. In other words, individuals with positive entrepreneurial attitudes may not consider the role of risk in starting a business because of their preoccupation with the business.26 0Item Restricted study on characterization of multi-layered polymer joining using laser(Saudi Digital Library) ALANZI KHALID ANWAR; choi, hae woonالتعلم على جهاز بلمير ليزر وطريقة الحام PC و ال ABS وMM7 0