Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/10
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Item Restricted Understanding Challenging Behaviours in Children with Autism: an exploration of families' and teachers' perceptions and attributions in Saudi Arabia(Univeristy of Leeds, 2024-01-16) Alfadhel, Lamya; Hebron, Judith; Homer, MatthewThe experience of challenging behaviours (CBs) is commonly reported in autism research and often noted by teachers as among the greatest difficulties encountered in the classroom. This study explores family and teacher perceptions and attribution of CBs in primary age autistic children in Saudi Arabia. A number of studies have investigated the impacts of these behaviours on individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including their quality of life and that of the people surrounding them. However, little research has highlighted how CBs, in relation to ASD, are understood and perceived by families and teachers. In this study, a mixed methods approach was employed, consisting of an online questionnaire with 99 families and 88 teachers across Saudi Arabia, and interviews with seven parents and seven teachers who have the experience of working with autistic children. The overall findings suggest that CBs are understood as part of the ASD by families and teachers. The findings from the questionnaire identify complex relationships between the attribution of the cause of CBs and type of schools, teachers' experience, families' and teachers' level of knowledge and their emotional reactions toward CBs. The interview findings illustrate many barriers to understanding CBs and their causes and provide information to generate suggestions for improving policy in this area. Amongst these are educational service provision for students and collaboration between the home and the school. The study supports the implementation of attribution theory to better understand perceptions towards CBs. This includes several recommendations to support families and teachers with their perceptions of CBs in children with ASD.16 0Item Restricted Non-State Actors as Cyber Operation Participants: Extending the Law of State Responsibility to Non-State Actors Engaged in Cyber Operations and Attacks(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-30) Alqahtani, Mesfer; Elliot, WinterThe role of Non-State Actors in both International Law and International Humanitarian law, has presented an issue for legal scholars for some time, and as yet it is without a definitive answer. In the context of cyber operations, both at apparent times of peace and in times of international armed conflict, this adds a further layer of complexity to the attribution of State Responsibility for such attacks. Thus, within this study these issues are examined through looking at the international law of State Responsibility and attribution, with a focus on the changing customary norms and soft law instruments that could be adapted to assist States in accepting the positive obligation of customary International Law to take action to prevent and disrupt such attacks, as the “carrot” approach, and the assignment of responsibility to states for the actions of non-state actors (NSAs) through the doctrines of effective and overall control as the opposing “stick”. Furthermore, it looks at how a States lack of action can be considered “complicity” in order to frame up how the “soft law” instruments of the Draft Articles of State Responsibility and the Tallinn Manual on the International Law of Cyber Operations can combine to create a persuasive political and diplomatic international obligation upon States, which would serve to prevent, mitigate and disrupt State use of Non-State Cyber Actors as proxies in their covert cyber operations.13 0