Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations

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Impact of Smart Hotel Technology on Hotel Guests’ Acceptance and Experience in the UK
(Oxford Brookes University, 2024-09) Hilmi, Rana; Macaveiu, Claudia
This dissertation aims to examine, understand, and explore the effects of smart hotel technology on guests in the UK. Contactless solutions such as digital check-ins/check-outs, AI-based chatbots, or mobile-based room service, in addition to robotic service delivery, have spearheaded increased convenience, customized experiences, and overall guest satisfaction within the hospitality industry. The study aligns itself with a positivist paradigm and uses a deductive approach to research, which is a quantitative descriptive type of research. Primary data is obtained through self-developed and validated closed-ended questionnaires, which are administered to 100 UK hotel guests who are frequent users of hotel services, and this ensures empirical validation of the hypothesis that will be used to assess the impact of smart hotel technology on guests' experience. The systematic review focuses on the advantages of adopting smart hotel technology as well as its impact on the customers and the implementation challenges, such as high implementation costs, cybersecurity issues, and resistance from the older generations. To overcome these barriers, the study suggests that there is a need to set adequate resources in cybersecurity measures, offer elaborate training, enhance the interface, and incorporate the views of guests into the design of the systems. Addressing these challenges, therefore, enables the complete realization of advanced smart hotel technology that offers high-value guest experiences and efficiency gains to hotels. The results provide significant implications for hotel managers in understanding certain specific technology factors and enhancing different dimensions of the guest experience in the context of the emerging hospitality environment.
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Exploring Multi-Factor Authentication Adoption in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom: The Role of NAFATH
(University College London, 2024) Alzayer, Ahmed Faisal A; Becker, Ingolf
Background. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security measure designed to enhance the protection of online accounts. Despite its notable benefits, the usability of MFA remains a challenge among users. While several factors influence MFA adoption, there remains a gap in understanding the impact of government-mandated initiatives on its uptake. Aim. The primary aim of this study is to explore the adoption of MFA among online users in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. By comparing these two contexts, the study will provide insights into the effectiveness of government-led initiatives, such as NAFATH, in promoting MFA adoption and compare those rates with the United Kingdom, where such mandates do not exist. Method. The study collected data through online surveys recruiting 300 participants over the age 18: 150 respondents residing in Saudi Arabia, and 150 in the United Kingdom. The data ordinal data was analyzed through non-parametric statistical tests. Results. Empirical findings suggest that there is no significant difference in MFA usage frequencies between Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, nor is there a positive correlation between NAFATH usage and MFA usage frequencies in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion. The study highlights the need for a strategy that combines government- led initiatives with user-centric factors to foster higher MFA adoption rates across diverse contexts and to enhance overall cybersecurity by designing more effective policies and measures.
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Management strategies in the supply chain sector during COVID-19: The case of two leading supermarkets in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia.
(Leeds Beckett University, 2024-09-23) Ghonaim, Nojud Asaad; Orekoya, Ibrahim
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted global supply chains, prompting companies across the globe to rapidly adapt their strategies to mitigate the unprecedented and sudden challenges. This thesis explores the supply chain management strategies employed by two leading supermarket chains – Morrisons in the UK and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia – during the pandemic and COVID-19 crisis. By conducting a comparative analysis of these organisations, the study aims to uncover how diverse socio-economic and cultural contexts impact their adaptive strategies and overall resilience. The comparative analysis reveals significant differences in the supply chain strategies of Morrisons in the United Kingdom and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia. By analysing annual reports from 2020 to 2021 and reviewing relevant literature, the research highlights the urgent need for resilience, innovation and proactive strategic planning to ensure long-term operational continuity during global crises. The findings, which reveal significant differences in the supply chain strategies of Morrisons in the United Kingdom and Bin Dawood in Saudi Arabia, have significant implications for management professionals and policymakers. They provide practical insights and recommendations, empowering the reader with the knowledge to develop effective crisis response strategies in the retail sector and make informed decisions in their respective roles. This research begins with an introduction and definition of the problem and organisation, followed by an analysis of the literature on supply chains and the COVID-19 crisis. The research methodology, which enables comparative analysis and integrating qualitative and quantitative data to explore and comparatively analyse both companies' supply chains, is thorough and robust. Moreover, using an interpretive framework, this study combines qualitative and quantitative data to comprehensively understand the companies’ responses to crises, instilling confidence in the reader about the study's credibility. 2 After analysing the data to find strategies and financial results, the results clear that Morrisons’ focus on local sourcing and internal stability provided a solid foundation for resilience. Morrisons’ approach was deeply rooted in a vertically integrated supply chain, focusing on local sourcing and sustainability initiatives. In contrast, Bin Dawood’s strategies focused on rapid expansion and digital transformation. By strengthening its online retail capabilities and opening new stores in the Middle East, the company sought to meet the increased demand for essential goods during the lockdowns. Both companies have demonstrated great adaptability, but their distinct approaches highlight the importance of context-specific strategies in crisis management. This research contributes to the broader discourse on supply chain resilience and crisis management by providing practical insights into how supermarkets in different regions responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. The thesis concludes with recommendations based on the analysis and findings. This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the challenges faced by Morrisons and Bin Dawood. It also provides valuable lessons for companies aiming to enhance supply chain resilience in a post pandemic world and future global crises that impact corporate economies. Future research should further explore the long-term implications of these strategies, examine how other industries can apply similar approaches to managing global disruption, and investigate supply chain strategies to navigate future global crises.
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Radicalization Pathways in Prisons: A Comparative Study of Saudi Arabia, and The UK
(Swansea University, 2024-09-30) Almawishir, Sultan; Howell, Matthew
This dissertation examines the phenomenon of radicalization in prison environments through a comparative analysis of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. It explores how different cultural, political, and institutional frameworks influence pathways to extremism in these countries’ prison systems. Saudi prisons, shaped by centralized governance and Sharia law, emphasize punishment over rehabilitation, creating conditions conducive to fostering extremist ideologies. Conversely, UK prisons prioritize rehabilitation but struggle with systemic issues such as overcrowding and staff shortages, which weaken deradicalization efforts. By analyzing institutional cultures, penal philosophies, and the dynamics of extremist networks, the study identifies key drivers of prison radicalization and evaluates the effectiveness of current counter-radicalization strategies in both contexts. Findings highlight the need for nuanced, culturally-sensitive policies to mitigate the risks associated with prison radicalization while enhancing rehabilitation frameworks. This research contributes valuable insights for policymakers and criminologists aiming to address the global challenge of extremism within correctional facilities.
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IPO Regulation in Saudi Arabia: A Look into IPO Listing Requirements and their Future Suitability
(University of Edinburgh, 2024) Mushaikh, Yousuf; Hood, Parker
This thesis discusses the KSA capital market in light of the recent rise of private companies pursuing initial public offerings. The thesis discusses the history of KSA's capital market and its continuous growth in light of Vision 2030 and its realization programs. The thesis provides an overview of the listing requirements for IPOs in both Tadawul's main market and NOMU and assesses them in a comparative manner with UK's IPO listing rules. The aim of this thesis is to analyse IPO listing requirements in KSA and their role in enabling private companies going public. The thesis looks into the potential difficulties private companies may face in going public and analyses them while also looking into the potential of introducing SPACs in KSA to further grow the capital market, in line with Vision 2030's goals.
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To What Extent Do Variations in Copyright Legal Frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom Affect the Protection of the Author’s Moral Rights?
(University of Reading, 2024-08-09) Alassaf, Nawaf; Briel, Marzia
This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the laws governing copyright, that is the authors’ rights to their original works under the UK and Saudi Arabia jurisdiction. This comparative study examines the protection of the moral rights relating to authors’ recognition, respect, creative integrity, reputation, and personal interest and their connection to their work and creativity in both countries. It also analyses the need for effective legal mechanisms to address copyright protection, including ownership and licensing, in the age of artificial intelligence and new technology. This thesis demonstrates the differences between two different legal systems and their impact on the protection of the authors’ moral rights and highlights the gaps that need to be addressed by policy-makers. The study’s findings are important as they facilitate cross-jurisdictional learning and the observation of shared principles and practical mechanisms to provide worldwide protection for authors’ moral rights. It starts by highlighting the copyright frameworks under international law and the significance of researching this topic, followed by an overview of both the UK and Saudi copyright law and their similarities and differences. It also draws a link between moral and economic rights as well as the public right to access cultural materials, the effectiveness of moral rights in legal contexts and the development of intellectual property and authorship under copyright law.
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Health and Safety in the Construction Industry at the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(University of Greenwich, 2017-09-01) Wafa, Hatem; Smis, Deborah
Hazards in the construction industry have expensive direct and indirect project costs due to accidents. As such, demand to find solutions to these problems have escalated in the past three decades. Project cost, quality, safety, and duration are core elements that contribute to project success however firms still cut their allocated safety budgets. Results show these firms have more injuries and go over budget demonstrating they have a strong relationship between safety and performance. This research reviewed the safety legislation in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as well as the accident rates in these two countries, reviewed the literature on safety practises in the construction industry in the KSA and, investigated safety practises in a large railway project in the KSA. The results from the literature review showed that despite similarities in construction safety legislation in the UK and the KSA, the KSA has a significantly higher rate of accidents. Also, finding from the literature review as well as the results from the survey on safety practises in the large railway project in the KSA showed that safety legislation was not completely followed in the KSA. To improve safety practises in the KSA, this research has developed a set of recommendation based on literature review and the study of safety practises in the large railway project in the KSA to help improve safety practises in the construction industry in the KSA.
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Biomarkers to predict advanced liver diseases
(University of Nottingham, 2024-08) Alenezi, Yusef; Morling, Joanne; Card, Tim
Background: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than two million deaths annually worldwide. In recent years, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has been a fast-emerging cause of CLD, which can progress to advanced conditions such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver failure. While the condition of simple steatosis in NAFLD patients is usually benign, the risk of progression to advanced CLD underscores the importance of early detection, as late diagnosis frequently leads to poor patient outcomes. As a result, considerable effort is now being made to find non-invasive methods for the early detection of CLD. This study assesses the feasibility of using non-invasive biomarkers to predict the progression to advanced CLD. In order to achieve this, it begins by assessing the prevalence of NAFLD in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and then determines the availability of non-invasive biomarkers among UK primary care patients. Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis were used to assess NAFLD prevalence among the general population in the UK and KSA. Then, three retrospective cohort studies were conducted using Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) data from 1 Jan 1990 – 31 Dec 2016. The first study determined the proportion of patients over 40 with data within their records to calculate normal or abnormal liver fibrosis biomarkers. The second and third studies utilised CPRD data, comprising all cases eligible for linkage to the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) cancer registry database, ONS death registration, and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data to identify patients who have been diagnosed with advanced CLD and determine whether the AST/ALT ratio, APRI score, and FIB-4 index could be used to predict subsequent advanced CLD in those for whom they were assessed. Findings: The systematic review studies showed an estimated pooled prevalence of NAFLD among disease-unrestricted populations to be 16.8% and 23.8% for KSA and the UK, respectively. There is good evidence that adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher prevalence of NAFLD in both countries. The CPRD findings showed that the most frequent calculable biomarker was the APRI score, followed by the AST/ALT, and the least calculable biomarker was the FIB-4. However, despite being the most calculable biomarker, the prevalence of abnormal APRI was lower than that of the other biomarkers. The findings also demonstrated that the AST/ALT ratio, APRI score, and FIB-4 index allow for the appropriate identification of patients at a higher risk of developing advanced CLD or the outcomes of liver transplantation and, possibly, death. Notably, based on conventional cutoffs, abnormal APRI scores showed a stronger association with the development of the outcomes than the abnormal AST/ALT ratio and Fib4 index. Conclusion: This thesis revealed a high prevalence of NAFLD among the general population in the UK and KSA. The studies in this thesis have clearly shown that abnormal biomarkers allow for the appropriate identification of patients at a higher risk of developing advanced CLD. The use of routinely collected data to measure the availability of these biomarkers reveals the potential and practicality of a large dataset for future biomarker studies
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Decoding the Impact of Leadership Multiplicity on Innovation Adoption: The Role of Dual Leadership in Data-Supported Decision-Making Adoption in the UK Local Government
(University of Reading, 2024-06-28) Jad, Sumayya; Nakata, Keiichi
Data adoption in decision-making has been identified as a primary solution for the increasing challenges confronted by local government authorities in the United Kingdom, thus contributing to the improvement of public service provision. Consequently, numerous research is conducted to investigate data adoption in the UK local government. However, little is known about the impact of the dual leadership hierarchies on the adoption of data-supported decision-making (DSDM) within the specified context. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the role of dual leadership in the adoption DSDM in the UK local government. To achieve this, the thesis conducts an inductive qualitative comparative approach, where data is collected from 13 local authorities in the form of documentation and semi-structured interviews. As thematic analysis and constant comparative analysis methods are applied to analyse the data, it is found that there are three coexisting decision-making logics in the UK local government. Moreover, based on the Institutional Logics Perspective, it is found that the higher the instantiation of the profession institutional order in the decision-making logics, the higher the adoption of data-supported decision-making in local authorities. Furthermore, based on the Diffusion of Innovation in Organizations, it is found that the dual leadership schemes manifesting as a result of interactions occurring among the decision-making logics significantly impact the level of data-supported decision-making adoption within local authorities. In addition, five leadership-related factors are found to influence a local authority’s level of DSDM adoption: level of delegation, dual leadership relationship direction, political arrangement and stability of a local authority, and the political experience of local authorities’ leading councillors. These results contribute empirically to the research context by exploring the different dual leadership schemes and explaining each’s influence on the adoption of the phenomenon. Moreover, this thesis contributes theoretically to literature by extending the Diffusion of Innovation in Organizations theory to include organizations with multiple leadership hierarchies by adding the multiple leadership schemes as a construct under the leadership dimension. Practical implication of the research is presented by proposing an enhancement to a data maturity model for local government.
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CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PEOPLE USE SECURE GROUP CHAT TOOLS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND SAUDI ARABIA
(King’s College London, 2023-08-15) Alrabeah, Ghada; Abu-Salma, Ruba
Group communication tools have gained widespread popularity, attracting over a billion users. However, questions arise, how closely are our messages being watched by external parties? Is end-to-end encryption implemented by the application? Many group communication tools either do not offer enough security features to protect their users or make it challenging for them to understand and use these features. This research discusses how users perceive and use secure group communication tools, focusing on users in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. A mixed-methods approach involving interviews with 20 participants and a survey with 204 respondents was conducted. The study reveals key factors driving users' choices, their understanding of security and privacy, their willingness to adopt or not adopt secure group communication tools, and cultural differences. The findings underline the priority factors like popularity, usability, and being free, as influential in tool selection. Users express willingness to use secure tools, yet gaps arise between intention and practice, attributed to misconceptions, motivation, and trust concerns. Privacy practices vary between cultures, with Saudi participants showing more caution. On the other hand, the UK displays higher trust levels in communication tools compared to Saudi Arabia. These cultural influences shape communication priorities, with Saudis leaning toward group communication and the UK prioritizing individual communications. Despite these differences, the study suggests the potential for universally secure applications catering to diverse user needs. The study offers recommendations for tool design that help improve the adoption of secure group communication.
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