Predicting the Appearance of Comets from Earth and Spacecraft

Abstract

This study explores the dynamics of comets with the primary aim of enhancing predictive models for comet appearances as observed from Earth, supporting the preparation for future missions like the European Space Agency's Comet Interceptor, set to launch in 2029. Focusing on the recent observations of comets NEOWISE and McNaught, the research refines simulation tools to accurately forecast the trajectories and visual characteristics of these celestial bodies. These improved simulations are rigorously validated against actual images of the comets to ensure the accuracy of the predictions. Additionally, the validated models are used to reproduce the appearances of historical comets, specifically Comet Donati of 1858 and the Great Comet of 1744, enabling comparisons with existing archival drawings. This approach not only aids in planning and optimizing future comet missions but also enhances our understanding of the environmental forces affecting comets in space. The study concludes by discussing the limitations inherent in the simulation processes, critically evaluating the factors that may impact the accuracy of these comet predictions. This research highlights the importance of high-fidelity simulations in advancing our comprehension of cometary behaviour and enriching public and educational engagement with astronomical phenomena.