SACM - Australia
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9648
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Item Restricted Best Practice Recommendations in non-Traumatic Knee Pain (NTKP) From Clinical Practice Guidelines: Systematic Review(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-10-25) Albhlal, Abdulaziz; Sin Man Chan; Gaute Herskedal; Khoi Pham; Waller, Robert - Kendell, Michelle - Sainsbury, DavidObjective: To identify and synthesise the best practice guidelines for the assessment and care of non-traumatic knee pain (NTKP) conditions in adults, with the aim of providing evidence- based recommendations for clinical practice. Design: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and expert consensus recommendations. Eligibility Criteria: Included CPGs provided recommendations on the diagnosis, assessment, and care of NTKP were written in English, published between 2016 and 2024, focused on adults, excluding knee osteoarthritis, injuries or post-surgical conditions. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro and CINAHL Library. Results: 5 records were identified, 2 CPGs, 2 consensus statements and 1 position statement. Numerous recommendations identified for NTKP care. Consistent recommendations include the use of outcome measures. Physical assessment should include a cluster of diagnostic criteria to provide a precise diagnosis. Care should include education, activity modification and exercise therapy. Conclusion: There is consistent consensus across guidelines that conservative management, primarily through exercise and education, should be the first-line treatment for PFP and PT. These recommendations aim to guide healthcare clinicians, for managing NTKP conditions. This review outlines directions for future research on NTKP.9 0Item Restricted Exploring Play-Based Learning in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-12-03) Alajmi, Delail; Grieshaber, SusanThis study explores the implementation of play-based learning (PBL) within the self- learning curriculum (SLC) in kindergartens across the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), targeting children aged four to six years. Through semi-structured interviews with 20 kindergarten teachers from diverse settings including cities, governorates, and villages, this research aimed to uncover how PBL is applied in the SLC, the roles teachers play during its application, and the challenges they encounter. The methodology also includes an analysis of photographs, such as classroom photographs and policy analysis related to the SLC, to gain deeper insights into the practical execution of the curriculum and its alignment with PBL principles. Findings reveal a spectrum of practices in implementing PBL, reflecting a combination of adherence to the SLC and Department of Education guidelines, and teachers' innovative strategies to foster an engaging learning environment. Teachers described their roles as facilitators, designers of learning experiences and observers, highlighting the importance of direct instruction in certain instances. Challenges identified include the outdated nature of the SLC, external interference from non-educators—DOE supervisors, kindergarten principals, and mothers of children who are not formally trained in ECE—, and high teacher-child ratios and inadequate environments.17 0Item Restricted Quality of life, disability, health behaviours and recovery among women living with mental illness in Saudi Arabia: A mixed methods study(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Almalki, Ibtihal; Inder, Kerry; Alqudah, Muhammad; O'Brien, Tony; Inder, KerryBackground Research on women with mental illness in Saudi Arabia is limited with the voices of these women not heard. Quality of life, disability and recovery are critical concerns for these women. Healthy lifestyle behaviours and their life experiences are not known. Aim To explore the experiences of women hospitalised with mental illness and to examine the quality of life, level of disability, health behaviours and personal recovery of women living with mental illness in Saudi Arabia. Methods A convergent mixed methods research design was conducted in two Saudi government-funded mental health hospitals in the cities of Taif and Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative data. For quantitative data, a cross-sectional survey administered three standardised and validated instruments to measure quality of life, disability and recovery: the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version questionnaire, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, and a Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery. Demographic characteristics, clinical information and health behaviours were collected from medical records and by self-report. Data were collected simultaneously and analysed separately. Qualitative data were analysed thematically. Quantitative data were summarised descriptively, and linear and logistic regression techniques were used to determine factors associated with quality of life, disability and recovery. Results from both methods were integrated and discussed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the research phenomenon with researcher reflexivity. Findings and results Individual interviews were undertaken with 19 women hospitalised with mental illness. Four major themes emerged: lived experiences with mental illnesses, the voice of recovery, lifestyle and wellness, and knowledge and understanding. The cross-sectional survey was administered to 201 women. There was a higher proportion of married women and women who were housekeepers from Taif, while there was a high proportion of single women and more highly educated women from Jeddah. Health behaviour characteristics indicated that many women were either overweight or obese and did not engage in physical activity. Final adjusted regression models revealed several key findings. Recent diagnoses with mental illness and unemployment status resulted in lower quality of life scores. Lack of exercise resulted in lower physical health and psychological health. Being single resulted in lower social relationships and environment domains, while being married resulted in lower scores for physical and psychological health domains. Married or widowed women who were recently diagnosed with a mental illness, unemployed women, women with no formal education, or who never exercised were more likely to have higher disability levels. Recent diagnosis, being younger, married or widowed, unemployed, not engaging in activity and having poor sleep resulted in lower recovery levels. This integrated approach demonstrates that face-to-face interviews can reveal deeper, context-specific factors influencing the quality of life and recovery and underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to the mental health care of women with mental illness. The interviews revealed significant challenges related to stigma, social isolation and the impact of educational background on participants’ lives, which were less apparent in the quantitative component. The survey data provided a better understanding of potentially modifiable factors to impact quality of life, disability and recovery. Both data sources aligned with the Connectedness, Hope, Identity, Meaning and Empowerment framework revealing a shared emphasis on the five key aspects of personal recovery. Conclusion This thesis uniquely explores the experiences of women with mental illness in Saudi Arabia focusing on their quality of life, disability, health behaviours and recovery providing valuable insights and implications for enhancing support and care for women. This study provides new insights into their experiences and significantly advances the understanding of women’s challenges and perspectives. Delivering recovery-based practices and advocacy programs for community and mental health professionals is recommended. Incorporating counselling services into healthcare policies, enhancing community-based support, and improving nursing practices are critical. Advancing mental health education and addressing stigma through public awareness are crucial to building a more inclusive and supportive society. Future research should focus on understanding the mental health needs of women with mental illness, addressing socio-cultural barriers to help seeking, and reducing stigmatisation and discrimination. Including more women from this vulnerable group in research allows their voices to be heard.48 0Item Restricted Barriers and Facilitators to Uptake of Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-17) Almoghairi, Ahmed Mohammed A; Duff, Jed; O'Brien, JaneBackground Cardiovascular disease remains the foremost cause of mortality and a major contributor to morbidity globally, with coronary heart disease being particularly prevalent across populations. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, cardiovascular disease accounts for approximately 45% of all deaths, with coronary diseases as the leading cause. Treatment for coronary diseases typically involves lifestyle modifications and medications to manage symptoms. However, when these are insufficient, percutaneous coronary intervention is employed to restore blood flow to the heart muscle. Even with these interventions, patients who do not alter their lifestyle post procedure remain at high risk for recurrent cardiac events and rehospitalisation imposing tremendous burdens on health systems. Thus, effective post-discharge care is crucial, particularly through cardiac rehabilitation programs. Despite their proven benefits and cost-effectiveness, these programs are globally underutilised due to multiple barriers at the patient, clinician, and healthcare system levels. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the paucity of research further limits understanding of adherence to secondary prevention measures and barriers to the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease. This backdrop sets the stage for this study to explore the country’s understudied areas of cardiology care. Aim This research project aims to identify the difficulties and opportunities in providing cardiac rehabilitation services to patients with coronary heart disease following percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiac centres across Saudi Arabia. Methods This PhD thesis employed a multiphase methodological approach beginning with conducting a systematic scoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology to identify effective interventions to promote uptake of cardiac rehabilitation (objective 1). This review systematically searched seven online databases for English-language articles published in the last decade, extending until October 2024. Reviewers independently assessed eligibility, and data extraction followed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication and PRISMA guidelines. The subsequent phase utilised a cross-sectional survey employing computer-assisted telephone interviews to collect insights from Saudi patients with coronary disease who underwent revascularisation at the Prince Sultan Cardiac Center in Riyadh and were clinically eligible for cardiac rehabilitation (objective 2). The study collected data from patients one-month post-procedure and aimed to evaluate their adherence to secondary prevention behaviours and identify their challenges when enrolling in cardiac rehabilitation programs. The further phase involved an observational cross-sectional study that distributed an online survey to cardiologists and cardiology fellows across Saudi Arabia (objective 3). This questionnaire was disseminated during the Saudi Heart Association's annual conference in October 2023 and extended through various social media platforms. It assessed participants' self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cardiac rehabilitation and determined impediments to their referral practice. Participants were required to have a minimum of six months of clinical experience managing patients with coronary disease post-percutaneous coronary intervention. The final phase involved a qualitative study using an interpretive descriptive approach, featuring recorded semi-structured interviews with key decision-makers in cardiology care within Saudi Arabia (objective 4). It aimed to identify the health system level challenges and potential enablers for the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation in the country. The analysis of these interviews was structured around the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, which guided the identification of themes. Results The scoping review highlighted that home-based cardiac rehabilitation internationally led to higher patient engagement and adherence to secondary prevention post interventions and effectively overcame several challenges at patient and health system levels. The observational study in phase two included 104 post-procedures Saudi patients with coronary diseases and showed a concerning prevalence of cardiac risk factors and significantly low adherence to secondary prevention measures, with only 10.6% being referred to cardiac rehabilitation. The most-cited barriers to enrolment in cardiac rehabilitation by included patients were inadequate program endorsement by cardiologists, absence of communication with cardiac rehabilitation care providers, and geographic distance to the service site. The subsequent survey involving 106 cardiologists revealed that, while they were knowledgeable about cardiac rehabilitation services and their benefits for patients following interventions, there was notable uncertainty regarding the quality of local services. This ambiguity, combined with unclear patient pathways and the limited availability of programs in practice areas, contributed to the reluctance of cardiac specialists to recommend these programs to their eligible patients. The last research examination interviewed nine policymakers and revealed systemic issues such as insufficient facilities, lack of cardiologists’ knowledge about cardiac rehabilitation, and shortage of qualified staff. This thesis recommends strategic improvements for consideration by the national healthcare system in Saudi Arabia to facilitate broader and successful implementation of cardiac rehabilitation programs. These reforms incorporate revising patient discharge protocols, enhancing the education and training of clinicians on cardiac rehabilitation, implementing effective referral systems, and ensuring equitable expansion of services across all regions. It also advocates for the adoption of innovative models of cardiac rehabilitation such as home-based and telerehabilitation programs, the development of supportive cardiac rehabilitation policies and regulations, and the engagement of higher authorities to drive these transformative changes. Conclusion This PhD thesis thoroughly examines effective interventions for cardiac rehabilitation delivery and identifies home-based models as effective alternatives to the underutilised traditional programs. It reveals critical findings pinpointing low adherence to secondary prevention measures and enrolment in cardiac rehabilitation programs among Saudi patients with coronary heart disease following percutaneous coronary intervention, primarily due to inadequate healthcare professional support and limited program accessibility. It indicates a significant knowledge practice gap in cardiologists within Saudi Arabia which affected the nationwide endorsement of cardiac rehabilitation. It uncovered systemic challenges necessitating urgent national reforms to boost program capacity, enhance healthcare professionals’ understanding of cardiac rehabilitation, and attract qualified personnel to the services. The integrated insights from the conducted studies significantly improve the understanding of cardiac rehabilitation utilisation within Saudi Arabia and similar contexts, laying a foundation for ongoing research to design, refine, test and implement innovative cardiac rehabilitation models, and encourage more international collaborative efforts for comparative studies of these innovative models.19 0Item Restricted Digital Enterprise Architecture Maturity and Performance (DEAMP) Assessment Framework(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alsufyani, Nujud Mohammed J; Gill, Asif Q; Beydoun, GhassanOrganisations increasingly recognise the transformative potential of digitalisation. This phenomenon involves changes in organisational strategy, processes, knowledge, and the entire sociotechnical system. These changes have unpredictable impacts on organisational performance, posing challenges for decision-makers in assessing the feasibility of digitalisation and its intended performance outcomes. However, current research reveals a significant gap in understanding digital maturity (DM) levels and their link to organisational performance outcomes. Thus, this research aims to understand enterprise-architecture- driven DM levels, digitalisation performance outcomes, and their relationships to develop an assessment framework. A well-established DSR method has been employed to construct a theoretically robust framework for assessing digital enterprise architecture maturity and performance (DEAMP assessment framework). This framework comprises two components: the DEAMP model and the DEAMP process. It captures the interconnectivity between DM levels and organisational performance outcomes to provide decision-makers with valuable insights to enhance DM for organisational performance gains. This framework was evaluated using illustrative scenarios and an expert survey. The findings were utilised incrementally to iteratively develop and refine the framework and demonstrate the framework's suitability and effectiveness. The thesis research offers significant contributions to academic and practical knowledge in the field of enterprise architecture and a solid foundation for future directions.16 0Item Restricted How Does Organisational Culture Affect Talent Retention in Small Businesses? (Headlands Distilling Co.)(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-19) Alalyani A; Liyanagamage, NellyDespite growing awareness of the importance of talent retention in small businesses, many struggle with high turnover due to informal organisational cultures lacking structure, development pathways, and scalability, raising questions about how such cultures can be adapted to support sustainable growth. While large firms have been extensively studied, there remains a gap in the literature on how internal culture impacts retention in small enterprises with informal HR systems. This research explores how organisational culture affects talent retention in small businesses through a qualitative case study of Headlands Distilling Co., a Wollongong-based craft distillery preparing for international expansion. Using the Competing Values Framework (CVF) as the guiding theoretical lens, the study examines cultural tensions that emerge when a close-knit, loyalty-driven “clan” culture meets the pressures of scalability. Findings reveal three key challenges: limited structural capacity, restricted professional growth opportunities, and lack of career pathways, all of which risk reducing retention as the firm grows. To address these, the study recommends gradually introducing formal HR systems, creating small-scale development programs, and balancing internal cohesion with adaptive practices that support strategic talent retention. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of culture-driven retention strategies in the SME sector, offering a blueprint for balancing family-like cohesion with structured growth opportunities.28 0Item Restricted Development and Validation of a Rating Scale for Academic Writing Assessment: Collaborative Agency(University of Melbourne, 2025) Alkhathlan, Bayan; Ute, Knoch; Jason, FanThe aim of formative assessment is multi-faceted as it informs both language teaching and learning in the L2 academic writing classroom. Research on formative classroom-based assessment, which emphasizes the active involvement of learners in their language acquisition and learning processes and nurtures student agency, has not received as much attention as summative assessment and large-scale testing. More specifically, the study of second language learners’ agency in language education is relatively new, and only a few studies explored student agency in the development of rating scales for classroom-based writing assessment in the L2 context. To contribute to the existing knowledge of student agency in rating scale development, this dissertation documents the development and validation of a rating scale for the assessment of L2 academic writing in a formative assessment context. The research employed an exploratory sequential mixed-methods research design to collect procedural, quantitative and qualitative evidence which was analyzed and evaluated to support the inferences in the validity argument for the rating scale. The study was conducted in two phases: the scale development phase and the scale validation phase. The scale development phase aimed to develop a rating scale for academic writing assessment in the L2 classroom, adopting a collaborative agency model through which writing teachers and college-level undergraduate students collaborated to produce the rating scale. Four scale development focus groups, comprising both teachers and students, were held to elicit qualitative data relating to the construct, properties and level descriptors of the rating scale, following a multiple source approach to scale development. The qualitative data was analyzed using the qualitative content analysis (QCA) method to inform scale development. The scale validation phase sought to validate the interpretations and uses of the scale-based scores, drawing on the argument-based validity framework. In this phase, the scale was first operationally implemented by the participant teachers to rate essays of different types following an incomplete yet connected rating design. Many-facets Rasch measurement (MFRM) and classical test theory (CTT) analyses were employed to analyze the rating data. In addition to the measurement-based evidence, scale post-implementation teacher and student focus groups were conducted to explore the perceptions of teachers and students about the functionality of the scale as well as its potential washback effect on teaching and learning. The appraisal of the scale’s validity argument involved the triangulation of the evidence gathered at different stages of the study to establish that the operationalized scale served its intended purposes from both psychometric and scale user perspectives. The study findings indicate that the validity evidence observed and collected throughout the study provided adequate support for the overarching validity argument, and that the scale has the potential to positively support teaching and learning in the current educational context. Additionally, the findings show that collaborative agency has a positive washback effect on the teaching and learning of academic writing, and that both teachers and students reflected overall positively on the experience. The collaboration between writing teachers and students revealed some differences in the assessment preferences among the two groups, which can illuminate teaching and learning in L2 writing classrooms. The study offers implications for collaborative agency in scale development, scale development in L2 writing classroom contexts, and validation research in classroom contexts. Future research can adapt the current model of collaborative agency in scale development for formative assessment to explore further differences between teachers and students in their assessment preferences and to determine whether the findings of this study hold in other classroom contexts.12 0Item Restricted Analysing Existing Saudi Arabian University Admission Criteria for Accounting Programs(Victoria University, 2025) Alboty, Yazeed; Farley, Alan; Yang, HelenThis research was motivated by the significant role played by effective admission criteria in predicting academic performance, particularly in Saudi Arabian accounting programs. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the appropriateness of Saudi Arabian university admission criteria for undergraduate and postgraduate accounting programs. First, for the bachelor accounting program, this research aims to explore how well existing admission criteria—which test different dimensions of prior knowledge—predict academic performance of accounting students based in Saudi Arabia. It evaluates the validity of the High School Grade Point Average (HSGPA) and College Entrance Exam (CEE)—that is, the General Aptitude Test (GAT) and Achievement Test (AT)—to predict student performance in the Preparatory Year Program (PYP), along with first-year core courses in the accounting program and First Year Grade Point Average (FYGPA) and overall Grade Point Average (GPA) of students at the end of the degree. It also examines how the business college PYP predicts performance in the first year, and overall student GPAs at the end of the degree. The role of gender as a moderator in these relationships is considered. This investigation is based on prior knowledge theory (PKT), which is characterised as a multidimensional, hierarchical entity comprised of various types of knowledge and skills. Tied to the above, for the Master of Accounting program, this research aims to evaluate how effectively one admission criterion predicts the relative academic performance of accounting students in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examines the impact of English language proficiency—as measured by International English Language Testing System (IELTS) scores—on the relative performance of Saudi Master of Accounting students in more versus less conceptually oriented accounting courses. This investigation is informed by cognitive load theory (CLT), which addresses the challenge of processing complex cognitive tasks with multiple interactive information elements. The findings demonstrated that when used as sole predictors, the explanatory variables (HSGPA, GA, and AT) all had statistically significant positive correlations with the dependent variables related to predicting academic performance. Multiple regression analyses indicated that HSGPA was the strongest incremental predictor of academic performance, whereas GAT was the weakest, showing no significant incremental predictive power in most cases. This study demonstrates that HSGPA is the strongest predictor of both short- and long-term college outcomes in particular accounting disciplines. Further, the results consistently imply that the individual courses and GPA of the PYP in the business college have predictive value for academic performance. Additionally, the results indicate that gender does moderate the relationship between admission criteria and PYP and academic performance, which is significant in many cases. Last, the results show that English language proficiency measured by the IELTS alone has no significant direct effect on the relative academic performance of Saudi accounting students. Several implications can be drawn from this research for stakeholders and policy makers. It raises questions about the continued use of GAT score as an entry criterion and strongly supports gender-based differential entry criteria. In addition, it provides insight into the efficacy of the PYP.9 0Item Restricted Assessing Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Web-Based Technologies for Diabetes Self- Management Among Arabic-Speaking Immigrants in Australia and Saudi Arabia(la Trobe Univeristy, 2024) Althubyani, Anwar Noor; Principal supervisor; Jency Thomas, Co-supervisor; Sabrina Gupta and external supervisor; Clarice TangeThis PhD thesis explores the challenges and opportunities in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Arabic-speaking background (ASB) immigrant populations in high-income Western countries, with a specific focus on the barriers and enablers of diabetes self-management (DSM) strategies and the role of web-based technologies (WBT). Despite access to advanced healthcare services, ASB individuals face significant obstacles in effectively managing T2DM due to a range of cultural, social, and linguistic factors. This thesis integrates multiple studies conducted across Australia and Saudi Arabia to offer a comprehensive understanding of these challenges and to propose tailored interventions aimed at improving self-management practices within this underserved population. The systematic review component, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, synthesizes findings from ten quantitative and qualitative studies assessing the adoption of DSM strategies among ASB individuals. The review highlights low adherence to key DSM practices, particularly in areas of physical activity and glycaemic control. Cultural and religious beliefs, language barriers, and a lack of diabetes knowledge were identified as major impediments. The review also suggests that culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education (DSME) programs, designed to be linguistically accessible and community-involved, could enhance engagement and improve diabetes outcomes. Further, this thesis presents original research conducted in both Taif (Saudi Arabia) and Melbourne (Australia) to investigate the willingness and behaviors of ASB immigrants toward adopting WBT for diabetes management. Data collected from 181 participants revealed a strong interest in using mobile applications and web-based tools for dietary planning, physical activity monitoring, and communication with healthcare providers. Demographic factors such as age, education, and marital status significantly influenced the willingness to adopt these technologies. The research underscores the potential of WBT in supporting self-management, offering personalized and timely interventions tailored to the needs of this culturally diverse population. In addition, the thesis examines the information-seeking behaviors of ASB immigrants in relation to online resources for diabetes management. Through interviews and observations conducted in both Australia and Saudi Arabia, two key themes emerged: "Engagement with Web-based Technology" and "Assessment of Information." Participants expressed a preference for accessible, reliable, and culturally appropriate online content, emphasizing the importance of digital platforms in enhancing self-management practices. This thesis contributes to the understanding of how culturally sensitive digital tools and education programs can improve chronic disease management among ASB immigrant communities. By addressing the unique barriers faced by these populations, the findings offer actionable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and technology developers to design effective interventions that leverage both traditional and digital solutions to enhance diabetes care and improve health outcomes.10 0Item Restricted Discovery and Analysis of Lightweight S-Boxes Using Memetic Algorithms(University Of New England, 2025-04) Tori, Meaad Asad; Paul, David; Billingsley, WilliamUNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND Abstract Computational Science School of Science & Technology Doctor of Philosophy Discovery and Analysis of Lightweight S-Boxes Using Memetic Algorithms by Meaad TORI This thesis addresses the challenge of discovering and designing critical components within lightweight cryptographic primitives to enhance security against advanced cryptographic attacks. Emphasising the significant role of S-Boxes in symmetric cryptography, the research investigates optimised design and integration strategies to elevate both security and efficiency within constrained environments. Through a detailed examination of cryptographic systems, cryptanalysis strategies, and studying many lightweight cryptographic algorithms, this work lays a foundation for understanding the needs to enhance the security and efficiency in lightweight cryptographic environments. The core investigation focuses on utilising evolutionary algorithms, specifically memetic and genetic search algorithms, to discover and optimise Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes). To validate our approach, we replicated a study that introduced the concept of "Golden S-Boxes", which exhibit superior properties essential for robust cryptographic functions. This thesis demonstrates how these evolutionary algorithms navigate extensive search spaces to discover S-Boxes that meet stringent security requirements with efficient performance which can then be integrated into lightweight cryptographic systems. Our approach successfully replicated the discovery of 4x4 Golden S-Boxes, and we enhance the algorithm to support all S-Box sizes. Our code provides specific properties selected to find candidate S-Boxes that balance between security considerations and suitability for use in lightweight environments. While our code currently considers only linear equivalent S-Boxes, it can be updated to include other variations. Additionally, our code is open-source, allowing for further customisation and improvement by the community. Although we do not offer customisable properties based on size, the code can be adjusted to generate S-Boxes of any size, and users can add or omit properties and fine-tune parameters as needed. For instance, we present a 5x5 candidate S-Box, similar in size and properties to the one used in the ASCON cryptographic standard. The approach in this research apply both the theory and practice of lightweight cryptographic methods. The methods developed offer a scalable way to enhance cryptographic strength, showing clear improvements in security and efficiency for modern applications, particularly in lightweight environments.7 0