SACM - Malaysia
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9660
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Item Restricted PULSE LASER ABLATED TITANIA-HAEMATITE NANOCOMPOSITES FOR THE REMOVAL OF LEAD AND ARSENIC FROM WASTEWATER(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ALSHAMMARI TEFLAH KHULAIF K; BAKHTIAR, HAZRI BINWater contamination by toxic heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb²⁺) and arsenic (As³⁺), poses a severe environmental and public health risks due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and high level of toxicity. Conventional wastewater treatment methods, such as chemical precipitation and membrane filtration often suffer from high costs, energy demands, and secondary pollution. Therefore, there is a critical need for efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable materials for heavy metal removal. Nanocomposites, particularly those based on titania (TiO₂) and haematite (α-Fe₂O₃) offer promising adsorption and photocatalytic properties. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize titania (TiO₂)- haematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanocomposites via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and evaluate their efficiency in removing Pb²⁺ and As³⁺ from wastewater. The nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy to determine their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The adsorption efficiency of Pb²⁺ and As³⁺ was evaluated under varying parameters such as laser fluence, solvent pH, contact time, and initial metal concentration. The results indicated that the TiO2-(α-Fe2O₃) nanocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacity due to their large surface area, synergistic photocatalytic effects, and strong metal affinity. The observation of improved heavy metals removal efficiency of the proposed nanocomposites was ascribed to the synergy between TiO2 nanoparticles and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, indicating their wastewater treatment potential. The removal efficiency exceeded 90% for both metals under optimized conditions, demonstrating the potential of these nanocomposites as an eco-friendly and effective material for wastewater treatment. These findings affirmed the unique effectiveness of nanocomposites for water treatment implementation. This research contributes to sustainable water treatment technologies by introducing an environmentally friendly solution for heavy metal removal.5 0Item Embargo An Adaptable and Distributed Access Control Approach Based on Machine Learning Techniques in a BYOD Environment(Saudi Digital Library, 2028-07-10) Turkea, ALjuaid; Wahid, Ainuddin; Yamani, MohdTraditional access control systems, such as role-based access control (RBAC), attribute-based access control (ABAC), or relationship-based access control (ReBAC), may limit policy decision points due to the potential for status changes in response to minor changes in user and resource properties. Additionally, system administrators must rely on solutions that require complex rules with multiple conditions and permissions for decision control, which can lead to access control issues such as policy conflicts, decision-making bottlenecks, poor performance, and trust and privacy issues related to policy management. This thesis presents three security access control mechanisms to overcome these limitations. Firstly, it proposes a method of enforcing access decisions that is adaptable and dynamic, based on a multi-layer deep learning hybrid model (TabularDNN). The technique converts all input attributes from an access request into an allow or deny decision using multiple layers to ensure accurate and efficient access control. Furthermore, the proposed solution was evaluated using the Kaggle-Amazon access control policy dataset; the results indicated a 94\% accuracy rate, demonstrating enhanced access decision implementation by considering various resource and user attributes. Additionally, it ensures privacy through indirect communication with the Policy Administration Point (PAP). This mechanism improves flexibility and provides dynamic and adaptable access control, demonstrating the proposed method's efficiency and reliability. Secondly, this dissertation presents an access decision-making algorithm for access control-based supervised learning, enhancing policy decision points (PDPs) by converting the PDP problem into a binary classification for access requests. The research describes a vector decision classifier that uses machine learning methods, specifically implementing the random forest algorithm, to make accurate access decisions and enable dynamic, distributed PDPs. Performance was evaluated using the Kaggle-Amazon access control policy dataset, comparing the proposed mechanism to previous research benchmarks for performance, time, and flexibility. The method ensures privacy for access control policies by preventing direct communication between the PDP and PAP. The study showed that PDP-based machine learning could navigate multiple policies and large access requests with 95\% accuracy, a 0.15-second response time, and no policy conflicts. This method improves security by implementing a distributed access control system that is dynamic, adaptable, and flexible. Finally, it presents an adaptive policy adjustment based on anomaly detection methods using machine learning algorithms. This method conducts risk monitoring and anomaly detection and features an adaptive policy mechanism that dynamically adjusts policies based on detected anomalies. The UNSW-NB15 dataset was used to evaluate the solution's performance. The results highlighted a detection accuracy of 95\% with a response time of approximately 0.5 seconds. The adaptive policy adjustment achieves a 97\% accuracy rate. The mechanism improves insider threat detection and access control simultaneously while optimizing and simplifying the process of managing policies. This method effectively addresses the critical trust and privacy challenges associated with policy management in corporate environments.15 0Item Restricted Revitalizing Domestic Tourism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Strategies for Intensifying and Encouraging Domestic Travel(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-03) GHADWAN, SOAD SALEH M; Hikmahana, DhiyaDomestic tourism plays a significant part in enhancing the economic resilience of any country. This is especially important for countries such as Saudi Arabia, where economic diversification has been a top priority as dictated within its Vision 2030. Research has confirmed that domestic tourism enhances the economic well-being of a country by supporting sustainability and resilience against negative economic international events. Domestic tourism has also been argued to be an important factor in encouraging cultural cohesiveness and unity, among other benefits. Despite the importance of domestic tourism, its fullest potential has not been achieved in Saudi Arabia. This has been attributed to restrictive cultural and traditional practices, high costs associated with domestic travel, underdeveloped tourist activities, and poor marketing campaigns to create awareness of domestic attractions.This study was designed to examine the role and effect of tourism activities, tourism costs, marketing strategies, and cultural practices in order to develop policy and practical recommendations that can help boost domestic tourism in the country. The research is anchored on theoretical frameworks, including destination marketing and management, push and pull factors, tourism motivation theory, and price sensitivity theory. A pragmatism research paradigm is adopted with a quantitative research design. Further, the study was designed to follow a deductive research approach.Among the findings of this research include the fact that leisure accounted for the largest proportion of tourism activities that encouraged domestic travel. However, tourism activities were rated slightly below average, indicating the need to improve and develop tourism activities in the country. It was also identified that tourism costs in the country were judged to be moderately affordable, with significant room for improvement. The majority of the respondents in the study were also identified to have experienced at least one form of cultural restriction while visiting different tourist destinations. Furthermore, the most visible marketing medium was social media, which suffered poor effectiveness in creating awareness of tourism activities and destinations in the country.Strategies to improve domestic tourism in the country were identified to include targeting and segmentation of the target audience in the country in marketing efforts. Other recommendations included diversification of tourism activities, adoption of dynamic pricing, and integration of cultural variables within the tourism destinations in the country. Theoretically, the findings of this study provide deeper insight into the existing theories regarding domestic tourism. The study provides insights into the overall effect of cultural factors, costs, marketing strategies, and tourism activities that will be applied in the academic world. Practically, this study provides actionable insights that will help tourism authorities and other stakeholders enact measures that will improve domestic tourism in the country.7 0Item Restricted A FRAMEWORK FOR BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS TO ADOPT CRYPTOCURRENCY AMONG PUBLIC UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-11-28) ALOMARI, ALI SAEED A; Lee Abdullah, NasuhaMany individuals believe that the cryptocurrencies have the potential to disrupt the traditional financial system. This is evidenced in several commercial and scholarly studies that show a significant investment made by individuals in different cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum despite the associated risks such as volatility in value and a lack of regulations. Although, cryptocurrency is a rapidly growing digital asset and its investment potential remain uncertain. Both pros and cons of cryptocurrencies can cause problems for individuals. Therefore, it is essential to understand individuals’ intention toward cryptocurrency to prevent them from any financial loss or for the authorities to make informed decision in policymaking, strategies for adoption of cryptocurrency. By examining individual intentions, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the behavioural drivers and barriers affecting cryptocurrency adoption. The study used a quantitative research method with developing a survey questionnaire. Using a purposive sampling technique, the study targeted the students in the Saudi Arabian universities. The study used SPSS software for demographic and descriptive statistics and Smart PLS for testing validity, reliability and research hypotheses. To achieve this, past research studies have identified several factors that influence behavioural intentions of individuals to adopt cryptocurrency. However, those studies are conducted either in a specific context e.g., country or are conceptual. Despite progress in understanding cryptocurrency adoption, financial literacy and technology readiness's moderating roles in culturally unique contexts like Saudi Arabia still needs to be explored. Studies have focused on direct factors like awareness, effort expectancy, and security without adequately exploring how individual capabilities and preparedness affect these relationships. By studying the relationship between financial literacy, technology readiness, and cryptocurrency adoption, this study seeks to fill these gaps and better understand Saudi Arabian user intentions. To fill this gap, this study aims to understand the factors influencing behavioural intentions of public university students to adopt cryptocurrencies in the Saudi Arabia. Public university students are chosen as the population for this study because they represent the youth in Saudi Arabia who are early adopters of innovation like cryptocurrency. The study uses an extended version of the existing Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as a foundational theory. The results of the study show that awareness, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and security significantly influence the behavioural intentions of public university students to adopt cryptocurrency in Saudi Arabia. The results also show that the technology readiness and financial literacy moderate the relationship of influencing factors and behavioural intention. The study contributes theoretically and practically into the existing body of knowledge. The study not only replicates the findings of the past studies on individuals’ intention to adopt cryptocurrency, but it also extends and confirms the UTAUT model in the context of Saudi Arabia. The results of the study would benefit the policy makers, practitioners, regulators, and government authorities in developing better policies, and strategies for the adoption of cryptocurrency in Saudi Arabia.7 0Item Restricted Evaluating the Long-Term Impact of Riyadh Season Event on Sustainable Tourism Development within Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 Framework(Taylor's, 2025) Aldawsari, Ahmed; Katahenggam, NagathisenAccording to Vision 2030 for Saudi Arabia, sustainable development and economic diversification depend mostly on tourism. Large-scale entertainment event Riyadh Season is now a main project aiming at drawing guests, fostering cultural interaction, and improving the travel industry. Emphasizing economic impact, cultural transformation, and environmental sustainability, this study uses a quantitative approach to evaluate the long-term implications of Riyadh Season on sustainable tourist development. By utilizing survey data and secondary sources, this research evaluates how Riyadh Season aligns with Vision 2030’s sustainable tourism objectives. It examines the effectiveness of existing tourism practices, identifies key challenges and opportunities, and suggests strategies for long-term sustainability. The findings aim to provide practical insights for event organizers, businesses, and local communities, ensuring that Riyadh Season continues to support responsible tourism growth while balancing economic, cultural, and environmental priorities.9 0Item Restricted IMPACT OF BANK-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF BANKS IN GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL COUNTRIES VIA CORPORATE GOVERNANCE(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2025-05) ALSULMI, FATIMA; Rosli, MahmoodThis study examined the bank’s financial stability based on internal factors (bank specific factors) and external factors (macroeconomic factors). Furthermore, this study examined the moderating role of corporate governance (board size, board meeting frequency, and CEO duality) between bank-specific and macroeconomic factors. The bank’s financial stability was measured by the z-score as an accounting measurement and Distance to Default as a market measurement. The analysis focused on a sample of listed banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region from 2014 to 2022 using STATA software. The results were based on the dynamic panel estimator of the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The findings suggested that credit risk had a significant effect, liquidity risk had no significant effect on the bank’s financial stability, and operational risk negatively affected it. Income diversification and capital adequacy positively impacted the bank’s financial stability. Regarding macroeconomic factors, oil prices contributed positively to banks’ financial stability. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and interest rates negatively influenced the bank’s financial stability, while inflation had a mixed effect: positive on bank z-score but negative on bank Distance to Default. The COVID-19 pandemic showed a significant negative effect on the bank z-score and a positive effect on bank Distance to Default. The moderating effect findings highlighted that board size and meeting frequency mostly had a negative moderating effect between bank-specific factors and the bank’s financial stability. Meanwhile, CEO duality showed both negative and positive moderating effects. The analysis of the moderating role between macroeconomic factors and the bank’s financial stability showed that board size and meetings had a moderating role. In contrast, CEO duality only moderated the relationship between macroeconomic factors and bank Distance to Default. These findings suggest important implications for bank governance and stability in the GCC region.8 0Item Restricted Examining Sustainable Tourism Practices and Policies in the New AlUla Saudi Arabia 2030 vision(UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE – JEAN JAURES - ISTHIA TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LEISURE MANAGEMENT CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN TOURISM (CRiT), 2025) ALOFFI, EIMAN NOWAEM; Shi Yin, Ellie CheeABSTRACT (ENGLISH) This study aims to evaluate sustainable tourism practices and policies in AlUla, Saudi Arabia, aligning with the nation’s Vision 2030 goals. The research focuses on assessing the effectiveness of existing policies, benchmarking global best practices, analysing stakeholder engagement, and exploring the role of modern technology in promoting sustainable tourism. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and surveys were utilized as the data collection instrument. The questionnaires were administered to residents, tourism businesses, and tourists for collecting policy feedback, policy maker perceptions, and the utilization of smart technology solutions. The study highlighted the following key statistics. Some previous policies have been useful in enhancing infrastructure and tourism development in AlUla but there are still some challenges including how to deal with overcapacity and engage stakeholders proactively. The importance of more participatory decision-making was voiced, especially by local communities, who raised concerns about cultural assets and sustainable employment. Exploring other countries’ examples demonstrated the importance of strategic policy, clear innovations, and cooperation to achieve sustainable goals. Furthermore, the research unveiled how artificial intelligence along with virtual reality could help further enriching visitors’ experiences and optimizing the usage of resources in AlUla. Based on the findings, AlUla has progressed in the sustainable tourism pathway; however, it is essential to engage more efforts to fill the policy loopholes, engage the stakeholders aggressively, and include the technological strategies. It is equally important for AlUla to incorporate environmental sensitiveness, cultural attractiveness, and economic viability in developing a sustainable tourism framework. The recommendations highlighted in this study provide tangible steps that can be taken to assist Saudi Arabia in achieving its Vision 2030 and conserve its culture and nature for future generations.13 0Item Restricted IMPACT OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS, DYNAMIC CLOUD CAPABILITIES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, DIGITAL CAPABILITIES, DIGITAL INNOVATION, AND IT FLEXIBILITY ON FIRM PERFORMANCE(UTM, 2025) Alqahtani, Miad Murayh; Singh, HarcharanjitThe rapid evolution of digital technology in the banking sector presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in the context of Islamic banking in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), where the integration of technology must align with Shariah principles. This study investigates the impact of Internet of Things (IOT), dynamic cloud capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI), digital capabilities, digital innovation, and IT flexibility on firm performance within the Islamic banking n KSA. The research used a quantitative research design based on a deductive approach. Moreover, survey questionnaires were administered to 605 middle-level managers across four (4) major Islamic banks in KSA. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), facilitating exploratory data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and mediation and moderation analyses. from Based on fourteen hypothesis developed on seven (7) hypothesis were supported. The research found a positive and significant relationship between IOT capabilities, AI capabilities and digital innovation with firm performance. However, there is no relationship between dynamic cloud capabilities and firm performance. The research also found a positive and significant relationship between AI capabilities on digital innovation. However, there is no relationship between (IOT capabilities, dynamic cloud capabilities) and digital innovation. In addition, the research found digital innovation mediate the relationship between AI capabilities, and firm performance. However, it is found that digital innovation does not mediate the relationship between (IOT capabilities, dynamic cloud capabilities) and firm performance. The research also found that digital capabilities moderate the relationship between AI capabilities and digital innovation. However, digital capabilities do not moderate the relationship between (IOT capabilities, dynamic cloud capabilities) and digital innovation. Likewise, the research found IT Flexibility moderate the relationship between digital innovation, and firm performance. The research results, expanded the theoretical body of knowledge through its research findings from the context of Islamic banks in KSA. The results are important to the stakeholders of Islamic banks in KSA, as it underscored the critical role of strategic digital technology integration and innovation in enhancing its competitiveness and operational efficiency. The research also provided valuable insights for the policymakers to develop policy that would enhance firm performance in Islamic Banking in KSA. The research results are limited to the Islamic banking in KSA; and cannot be generalized to the entire banking sector in KSA.6 0Item Restricted Guest Satisfaction The Role of Digital and Contacless Service in the Post Covid 19 Era(Taylor's University, 2025) Alghamdi, Fatimah; Abdulrazak, DhiyaThe COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered the landscape of various sectors, including the hotel and hospitality industry. With the necessity for social distancing and the resultant increase in digital interactions, hospitality businesses have increasingly adopted digital and contactless service methods. In view of this, this study investigates the role of digital and contactless services in enhancing guest satisfaction in the post-COVID-19 era. It attempts to explore the extent to which these services have promoted guest satisfaction, the challenges encountered in their implementation, and the strategies employed to overcome these challenges. The study will make use of quantitative method with data to be collected from the representatives of the hotel guests in the hospitality sector using random sampling technique based on Israel (2012) sample size. A questionnaire of a 5-point Likert scale is used in this investigation. The data collected are analyzed with the aid of SPSS. The findings show that that satisfaction of guest was high in the post-covid-19 era and that digital service plays an enormous role in ensuring guest satisfaction.1 0Item Restricted CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE SUCCESS OF SPORTS TOURISM IN SAUDI ARABIA.(Taylor's University, 2025) Alshammari, Majed; Katahenggam, NagathisenCelebrities play an important role in the advertising for creating and enhancing brand image and equity in order to differentiate their products from competitive companies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of celebrity endorsement on sports tourism in Saudi Arabia with a view to finding out the factors that influence the choice of celebrity endorsement, and the degree of influence of celebrity endorsement on sports tourism in Saudi Arabia. The study employed a quantitative design collecting data with the aid of questionnaire from the selected respondents. SPSSv27 was used to analyze the data. It was found, among others, that celebrities positively influence public perceptions of Saudi Arabia as a sports destination and that such factors as cultural alignment and religion of the celebrity influence the choice of celebrity endorsement and its effectiveness. Thus, it was revealed that there is a significant relationship between those celebrity endorsement and success of sport tourism. It was concluded that celebrities who share Saudi cultural values and customs should be given preference in endorsements.10 0