SACM - United Kingdom
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9667
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Item Restricted Objective and Subjective Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes in COVID-19 Survivors Managed with ECMO: A Case Series(Royal Holloway, University of London, 2024) Alanazi, Abeer; Crabtree, AnnaCOVID-19 has been associated with significant health complications, including cognitive impairments, particularly among patients requiring intensive care interventions. A subset of these patients, especially those needing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), face heightened vulnerability due to prolonged Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and extended ECMO duration, placing them at an increased risk of developing post intensive care syndrome (PICS), a multifaceted condition that affects cognitive and psychological functions among other health- related domains. This study aims to investigate the cognitive screening outcomes and characteristics of cognitive impairments among COVID-19 survivors managed with ECMO, enhancing our understanding of cognitive outcomes in this high-risk group. Eighty-five COVID-19 patients who had been treated with ECMO were contacted after their ICU admission. The Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) was employed to detect cognitive impairment. Neuropsychological assessment was completed with ten survivors. A case series design was employed to characterise the cognitive profile of these ten COVID-19 survivors. The mean T-MoCA score for the 49 cohort was 16.20 (SD = 2.93), indicating cognitive impairment among COVID-19 survivors managed with ECMO. T-MoCA scores for the ten patients who completed neuropsychological assessments ranged from 10 to 19, with a mean score of 16.2 (SD = 2.94). The case series analysis demonstrated impairments across domains of attention, working memory, processing speed, and memory. Cognitive impairments are evident in COVID-19 survivors managed with ECMO, presenting cognitive profiles similar to those documented in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients (non-COVID-19). Key words: ICU, COVID-19, ECMO, Cognitive Impairment, PICS7 0Item Restricted Intensive Care Nurses' Experiences of Burnout During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study(King's College London, 2024) Alzailai, Nawal; Xyrichis, Andreas; Barriball, LouiseBackground: Burnout amongst healthcare staff, particularly amongst intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, is a critical issue that intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research, especially within the Saudi context, has identified significant levels of burnout in ICU nurses. However, a notable gap exists in the use of qualitative methodologies to deepen our understanding of ICU nurses’ burnout in the Saudi context. Moreover, comprehending the experiences of nurses who suffered from burnout during the pandemic, focusing on the factors that contributed to their stress, has been essential for identifying developmental needs and for shaping interventions aimed at mitigating burnout amongst nurses. Despite this, the existing literature lacks a reliable theory or model that adequately captures the phenomenon of burnout within highly demanding environments like ICUs, particularly under the unpredictable and greatly challenging circumstances of disasters. Aim: To construct a theory grounded in burnout experiences of ICU nurses in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic, intended to act as a foundation for future research that explores burnout in high-stress environments for nurses or other healthcare staff working in similar contexts. Methods: Building from one scoping review and one systematic review, a constructivist grounded theory design was employed for this study, as proposed by Charmaz (2014a). Conducted in four distinct adult ICU departments of a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia, the research involved 22 ICU nurses experienced in caring for COVID-19 patients and 10 decision-makers, recruited through initial purposive sampling and subsequent theoretical sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Field notes and a reflexive methodological journal were maintained throughout the research process. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and translated into English where necessary. The analysis followed “Charmazian” principles, which include initial, focused and theoretical coding; constant comparison; theoretical sampling and sensitivity; memo writing; and diagramming. Ethical approval was secured from King’s College London and from the relevant Institutional Review Board in Saudi Arabia. Results: The theory generated by this investigation suggests burnout is a process, resulting from multiple interrelated factors within and beyond an individual’s working environment. This process occurs in three dynamic stages affected by the coping and supportive resources that the nurse has used/received. The core category that emerged, ‘we fought and now we need to be healed’, encapsulates the essence of the nurses’ experiences with perceived burnout and their vital need for recovery and support. This finding led to the development of the BuRN-ICU19 model, a comprehensive framework representing the ICU nurses’ experiences with burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic and informed by results from two fundamental reviews: a scoping review and a systematic review. Conclusion: This thesis offers novel insights into the experiences of burnout among ICU nurses in Saudi Arabia during a disaster situation. It highlights the critical need for targeted interventions and policy reforms to alleviate burnout in, improve the well-being of and effectively support ICU nurses in demanding situations. The BuRN-ICU19 model presents a valuable framework for future research and practical application in ICU nursing, with potential implications extending beyond the Saudi context.43 0Item Restricted Evaluating Reported Patient Perspectives of Teledentistry Use for Dental Care Provision During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review(University of Exeter, 2024) Althabit, Thabet; Carrieri, DanieleBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted dental services, increasing interest in teledentistry as an alternative. In Saudi Arabia, dental clinics' temporary closure in March 2020 made teledentistry crucial for maintaining dental care. Despite advanced technology, teledentistry use was low. Understanding patient perspectives is key to improving its adoption. Objective: This review synthesizes evidence on patient perspectives, satisfaction, and perceived outcomes of teledentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia to guide future strategies and research. Methods: Following a scoping review methodology, we searched multiple databases from 2020 to 2024, identifying studies involving Saudi patients using teledentistry during the pandemic. Data were extracted and analyzed thematically. Results: Eleven studies from 2020 to 2023 were included. Key themes were accessibility, convenience, patient satisfaction, and security concerns. Teledentistry improved access and reduced costs, with high satisfaction for minor issues. However, data privacy concerns and limitations in handling complex cases were noted. Conclusion: Teledentistry offered significant benefits during the pandemic, enhancing accessibility and patient satisfaction for minor issues. Yet, managing complex cases and ensuring data security remain challenges. A hybrid model of teledentistry and in-person visits is recommended. Further research on long-term effects, cost-effectiveness, and data security is needed.41 0Item Restricted THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESG AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF UK FTSE 250 LISTED FIRMS.(University of Sussex, 2024-09) Alhuqayl, Nouf; Hawas, AmiraIn this dissertation, the relationship between the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles in relation to the financial performance of FTSE 250 companies pre-and during COVID-19 was studied. Utilizing data from Bloomberg and to conduct regression panel models with fixed and random effects, a Hausman test was performed in order to choose the most effective model. The study reveals that ESG including its sub-dimension exhibit minimal influence on financial outcomes pre-pandemic with only slight improvements noted during the pandemic. The data corroborates the assertion that despite virtually no clear monetary advantages of ESG integration is seen at once, its contribution keeps increasing over time. The study emphasizes the complexities of ESG impacts and the need for companies to tailor their ESG strategy to specific operational and economic settings in order to maximize advantages. This study contributes to the nuanced understanding of ESG integration and encourages more research into its long-term effects in various businesses and regulatory situations.5 0Item Restricted THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESG AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF UK FTSE 250 LISTED FIRMS.(University of Sussex, 2024-09) Alhuqayl, Nouf Khalid; Hawas, AmiraIn this dissertation, the relationship between the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles in relation to the financial performance of FTSE 250 companies pre-and during COVID-19 was studied. Utilizing data from Bloomberg and to conduct regression panel models with fixed and random effects, a Hausman test was performed in order to choose the most effective model. The study reveals that ESG including its sub-dimension exhibit minimal influence on financial outcomes pre pandemic with only slight improvements noted during the pandemic. The data corroborates the assertion that despite virtually no clear monetary advantages of ESG integration is seen at once, its contribution keeps increasing over time. The study emphasizes the complexities of ESG impacts and the need for companies to tailor their ESG strategy to specific operational and economic settings in order to maximize advantages. This study contributes to the nuanced understanding of ESG integration and encourages more research into its long-term effects in various businesses and regulatory situations.10 0Item Restricted COVID-19 and global health governance: past and future(University of Sheffield, 2024) Alqurashi, Wedyan; Caterina, MiloThis dissertation explores the critical role of global health governance, focusing primarily on the World Health Organisation (WHO) and its effectiveness in managing pandemics. It analyses WHO’s involvement in past pandemics, such as SARS, H1N1, Ebola, and COVID-19, identifying challenges and lessons learned. The dissertation also examines the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasising the disparities in health outcomes and access to resources. Utilising a qualitative research design, it delves into the mechanisms, key players, and frameworks involved in global health governance, particularly the International Health Regulations (IHR). Findings highlight the importance of rapid, transparent communication and the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms within the IHR. The dissertation underscores WHO’s pivotal role in providing technical guidance, coordinating international efforts, and promoting equitable access to health resources. It also reveals significant challenges, including delays in response, political pressures, and the spread of misinformation. Recommendations include enhancing WHO’s autonomy and funding, ensuring binding compliance with health directives, and integrating mental health into global health strategies. This research aims to inform future policy and practice, promoting a more resilient and equitable global health governance framework to better prepare for future pandemics.13 0Item Restricted Evaluating the Effectiveness of Unconventional Monetary Policy Measures in the Global Financial Crisis and COVID- 19 Periods(Newcastle Unversity, 2024-06-18) Al jarah, Khaled; Stancu, AndreiThis study examines unconventional monetary policy's (UMP) efficacy on the U.S. economy during the Great Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the popularity of these policies during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to examine how they support economic recovery. Utilising both ordinary least squares (OLS) and VAR models, the present study examined if the announcement of unconventional monetary policies helped to forestall the deterioration of the U.S. economy following the respective crisis. The study found the following using data spanning 2005 and 2023 and covering two of the most devastating crises in recent history (GFC and COVID-19). First, the announcement of UMPs during the GFC and COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly impact several macroeconomic variables in a cross-sectional context. Second, the results from the VAR model, which traces the spillover effect following the announcement, indicate that it only negatively affected industrial output, not GDP, CPI, and S&P 500 index. By evaluating research hypotheses and UMP measures' effectiveness, the study adds to the body of literature. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the complex dynamics of UMP in traversing financial crises, offering useful insights for academics, businesses, and regulators.32 0Item Restricted Multimodality in Saudi Arabian COVID-19 Cartoons: A Thematic and Humour Analysis(University of Leeds, 2024-05-01) Almohissen, Ahlam; Adami, Elisabetta; Elfarahaty, Hanem; Thurston, Timothy; Watson, JanetThe present study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic was portrayed in Saudi cartoons and how humour around it was created. The Youm7 website was employed as a data source. A total of 212 multimodal cartoons were collected between December 2019 (the date on which COVID-19 was announced to the world) and March 2021 (the date when Saudi Arabia lifted all the restrictions related to the pandemic). These cartoons underwent two different types of analysis and resampling to address the two primary aims specified above. In addressing the pandemic’s portrayal in the cartoons, content analysis and multimodal analysis were employed to deduce the thematic presentation and participants' representation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerning humour creation, adapting and adopting Yus’ (2016, 2021) incongruity-resolution classification along with humour forms (Dynel, 2009; Alsadi & Howard, 2021) was applied with a more stratified sample involving 61 cartoons. The findings reveal ten main themes with their sub-themes. These are virus transmission rate, the emotional and physical consequences of COVID-19, the impact on education and work, vaccine rollout, lockdown, international political discourse, public protection, the change in social relations, the impact on travel and tourism, as well as the economic impact of COVID-19. Moreover, these themes show some similarities and differences with existing research in relation to phases of the pandemic. On the other hand, the deduced sub-themes depend more on the Saudi phases, government actions, and people's reactions. The findings also present five main subjects: COVID-19, earth, Saudi men and women, Saudi authorities, and international countries and governments. The representation of the participants varies multimodally in relation to the four phases of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Regarding the humour creation, the results show that the three Yus’ (2021) incongruities (frame-based, writing-image and writing-based) and resolutions (implication-based, frame-based, and writing-based) are presented in the data. However, the findings show the addition of a fourth classification (image-based) along with the three presented classifications to be applicable to cartoons, resulting in 15 common taxonomies. Moreover, eight humour forms were identified: joke, putdown, pun, irony, exaggeration, metaphor, metonymy, and comparison. These humour forms are mostly shown to occur multimodally, but they also sometimes occur in image or in writing mode alone. The relationship between humour forms and incongruity was found to be mostly dependent on the shared mode. The representation of humour, in general, is found to be based on three factors: the cartoonists’ interest, linguistic knowledge and cultural knowledge. This study contributes to understanding the history of Saudi Arabia during the pandemic (2020-2021). Moreover, the study contributes to the growth of multimodality by showing its essence in deducing the thematic presentation and the creation of humour. It also contributes to the field of humour, specifically making a methodological contribution by introducing an adaptation of Yus' (2021) incongruity-resolution theoretical approach, as this represents the first application of the approach to cartoons. Overall, the combination of humour and multimodality contributes to the shifting tendency from focusing on pure linguistics to multimodal communication.21 0Item Restricted Ethical conflict experienced as a critical care nurse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review(Queen's University Belfast, 2024-04-30) Alotaibi, Omar; Alotaibi, OmarBackground The COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating effect on healthcare workers and healthcare systems at large. The first case of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was reported on 2 March 2020 and, by 15 July 2021, the Ministry of Health had reported 8020 fatalities from the contagion. The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the unpreparedness of healthcare systems across the world, and further led to a substantial shift in occupational risks and various stressors pertaining to critical care nursing. Objectives A PEO framework was used to develop the research question to investigate the ethical conflicts that intensive care nurses experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and their impact on nurses’ psychological wellbeing and job satisfaction. The study aimed to identify and describe common ethical conflicts faced by critical care nurses during the pandemic, their psychological impacts, and offer recommendations for healthcare and relevant policymakers. Search Strategy The study adopted a qualitative approach, and a systematic literature review was conducted on existing studies. An induction approach was used in respect to the sample size of the selected studies. A systematic search was conducted across three electronic databases including CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and MEDLINE ALL. Studies conducted prior to COVID-19, those conducted on healthcare providers other than intensive care nurses, and sources published in languages other than English were exempted from the study. Results The search produced 738 articles which were further evaluated against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 12 studies matched the inclusion criteria and met the CASP threshold for quality appraisal. Upon synthesis, changes in practice or work situations (n=7), lack of knowledge (n=3), an organisation’s inefficiency in supporting nurses (n=6), psychological wellbeing (n=7), and job satisfaction (n=4) were the main themes identified encapsulating ethical issues. Conclusion Nurses had to work under unfamiliar conditions typified by a high workload, prolonged use of PPE, and an increased demand for care in ICUs, hence the potentiality for ethical conflicts. Amid the construction of new ICU centres and an increasing workload, nurses had to deal with novel experiences such as adapting to collaboration with new workers, the role of constantly acting as a supporter, and complexities linked to working with non-healthcare professionals. A failure to highlight these complexities may cause critical care nurses to perceive them as routine. Increased isolation also had emotional ramifications which could affect job satisfaction levels among ICU nurses. Involvement in practice during COVID-19 led to depression, psychological distress, insomnia, and anxiety. The study also established that discrimination over the distribution of PPE, fatigue, and burnout had a profound effect on nurses’ job satisfaction levels. There is a need for interventions tailored towards increasing organisational support, improving nurses’ wellbeing, and building capacity. Organisations should also include nurses in the decision-making process, and consider both extrinsic and intrinsic factors of motivation to enhance job satisfaction levels.20 0Item Restricted Rehabilitation for cardiac arrhythmia in COVID-19 and non COVID-19 patients(University of Leicester, 2024-04-08) Alhotye, Munyra; Singh, SallyIntroduction Exercise-based cardiorespiratory rehabilitation programme is an effective intervention to improve clinical outcomes, exercise capacity and quality of life in individuals living with cardiac and pulmonary conditions. Despite the effectiveness of the programme in cardiac population, no routine prescription of comprehensive rehabilitation is offered to those with AF. This thesis aimed to assess the benefits of the programme in those with HF and co-existing AF and to investigate the views toward delivering the programme for this population. Moreover, evidence suggests that an adapted rehabilitation programme is effective in improving clinical outcomes in those with post COVID-19 syndrome. Thus, we aimed to investigate the potential benefits of the programme in restoring cardiac autonomic functions and cardiac disturbance that might be present in this population. Methods Four main study designs were undertaken to address the thesis aims. 1. Retrospective analysis to investigate the benefits of the programme in HF individuals with AF. 2. Survey study to assess HCP views toward delivering the programme for individuals with AF. 3. Survey and interviews to investigate the need for rehabilitation for individuals with AF. 4. Observational study to assess the benefits of the programme for individual with post COVID-19. Results Rehabilitation programme demonstrated an improvement in clinical outcomes in individuals with HF and co-existing AF. HCPs were enthusiastic about the benefits of the programme for individuals living with AF. Moreover, those living with AF reported their need for this programme to help manage their symptoms. Lastly, an adapted rehabilitation programme demonstrated an improvement in cardiac autonomic function and other clinical measures in those with post COVID-19 syndrome. Conclusion Rehabilitation programme is an effective intervention for those with HF and co-existing AF, while an adapted rehabilitation programme demonstrated an improvement in cardiac functions in those with post COVID-19.14 0
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