Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted HAZID Analysis of Hydrogen Production Via Solid-State Electrolysis(The University of Sheffield, 2024-08) Altarif, Saleh; Cordiner, JoanCarbon-neutral energy sources are required for efficient energy production in the future, which has prompted research on new methods for generating Hydrogen or clean hydrogen production technology, such as solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Nevertheless, the high-temperature operation of SOECs and hydrogen handling aspects pose severe safety and environmental concerns. This study thus performs a thorough Hazard Identification (HAZID) on hydrogen production using SOECs with the objective of overcoming these challenges to allow for safe use and integration of the technology. This paper covers measures necessary to determine risks associated with SOEC systems, such as high heat, electrical appliances, chemicals, and pressure. The study concludes that the current approaches used in HAZID do not adequately incorporate some of the potential dangers with SOEC operation; therefore, improvements are needed in assessing SOE chamber material degradation at high temperatures as well as the integration of SOECs with other forms of renewable energy sources that are intermittent. To improve risk evaluation and management, the study suggests the implementation of innovative technologies, including CFD, ML, and real-time monitoring. The study highlights the dire call for enhanced safety measures, measurement, and control, as well as constant technology innovation to attain safe implementation of SOEC technology for the steady production of Hydrogen.28 0Item Restricted Between Obstacles and Opportunities: A Legal Analysis of the United Kingdom’s Commitment to Renewable Energy and Net Zero Emissions(Brunel University, 2024-06-14) Aliady, Abdulaziz; Paskalev, VescoThis thesis studies the development and evolution of the legal framework governing renewable energy and net zero in the UK, particularly examining the statutes, statutory instruments, legal orders, and case law through the doctrinal method. The larger goals of the thesis are to analyze the evolution and development and decipher the challenges and opportunities that arise from the legal framework vis-à-vis renewable energy and net zero. The study argues that the United Kingdom has a strong legal framework in relation to climate change, net zero, and renewable energy; nevertheless, in order for it to function as efficiently as it can, opportunities must be increased, and obstacles must be reduced. This strong legal framework, albeit with some deficiencies, is a product of a long history of evolution and development, often involving various trials and errors.6 0Item Restricted Sustainable desalination strategies: Techno-economic analysis, life-cycle assessment, and optimization of renewable energy-powered plants in Saudi Arabia(Iowa State University, 2024-06-20) Al Marry, Nassar Hamad; Wright, Mark MbaAddressing global water scarcity amidst escalating energy demands and climate change challenges requires innovative approaches in seawater desalination, particularly in arid regions like Saudi Arabia. This journal article style dissertation comprises a comprehensive exploration of sustainable desalination strategies, focusing on techno-economic analysis, life-cycle assessment, and optimization of renewable energy-powered desalination plants. In this dissertation, Chapter 2 provides a thorough review of recent advancements in desalination technologies, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable solutions. It highlights the significance of data-driven insights and compares various renewable energy sources for desalination, laying the groundwork for subsequent studies. Chapters 3 and 4 present comparative techno-economic and life-cycle assessments of stand-alone reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants powered by integrated solar Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and geothermal energy through Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The analyses reveal the superior economic and environmental performance of the integrated CSP-geothermal scenario, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable solution for water scarcity challenges in Saudi Arabia. In Chapter 5, a mathematical optimization approach is employed to minimize the Levelized Cost of Water (LCOW) for the proposed desalination plant. By integrating CSP and geothermal energy, an optimal LCOW value of 0.582 $/m3 is achieved, underscoring the economic and environmental benefits of renewable energy-driven desalination in Saudi Arabia. Collectively, these studies contribute valuable insights into the optimization of renewable energy-powered desalination plants, offering a pathway towards sustainable water management in arid regions.43 0Item Restricted Planning Saudi Arabia’s Energy Transition for 2060 with PyPSA(University of Edinburgh, 2022-08) Algarei, Anas; Parzen, MaximilianPlans for energy transition are more critical than ever as the impacts of climate change intensify. Saudi Arabia is making significant efforts to reduce its emissions in contribution to the global efforts to tackle climate change through its projects Vision 2030 and the Saudi Green Initiative (SGI), where net zero target has been set for 2060. The work in this dissertation is the first attempt to forecast Saudi Arabia's net zero energy system in the year 2060. The PyPSA-Africa package, which is a derivative of PyPSA, was used to construct a variety of models for the energy system. The models built in this study consist of a base model for validation, a model for 2030 as a comparison to the Vision and a transitional period, and two models for 2060 net zero, one of which is fully renewable energy while the other incorporates direct air capture (DAC) technology. Based on the generation mix, storage capacity, network expansion, hourly dispatch, curtailment, and costs, the models were assessed, and recommendations for the energy system in 2060 were provided. A spatial resolution of 30 clusters with an hourly timestep were considered. Weather data were obtained for the full year of 2013. The findings indicate that the 2030 model has a high penetration of wind energy, mostly to satisfy nighttime demand, whereas solar energy represents around a quarter of the generation mix. In contrast, battery storage is more cost effective for meeting 2060’s nighttime demand, allowing solar energy to be the predominant type of generation. The implementation of DAC technology can reduce the necessary total generation capacity by about a quarter, making it more economically beneficial than the fully renewable option, with an estimated average marginal price of 0.185 SAR/kWh. Hydrogen storage did not appear to be feasible for these models. However, A significant curtailment was noticed, which may be an opportunity for exporting electricity or producing hydrogen. The recommendations in this thesis can aid in developing policies for the country’s net zero target.68 0Item Restricted Sustainable Waste Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Investigation of Opportunities and Practical Challenges(University of Reading, 2023-08-31) Alanazi,Abdulnasser; Peters, MichaelCurrently, Saudi Arabia is pursuing its 100% renewable energy and sustainability goal while still in a transitional phase as the country continues with traditional ways of obtaining energy and relying heavily on fossil fuels. One of these goals to achieve the vision is sustainable waste management, where the main purpose of this thesis lies in studying the scientific opportunities and challenges associated with implementing sustainable waste management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and drawing lessons from best practices in other countries. The role of resources and waste management in enabling communities to become more sustainable was explored and discussed through a literature review. In addition to studying the concept of sustainable waste management, addressing the waste hierarchy, and discussing the optimal solutions for the various available techniques that help in sustainability instead of the landfill currently used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A historical overview was also provided by reviewing the literature on waste management policy and practices in Saudi Arabia, evaluating the current policy, and addressing future plans that in turn aim at the Saudi Green Initiative (which is an initiative that follows Vision 2030 by making it more sustainable in the future). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with people with high experience in the field of waste management in Saudi Arabia, and the argument was made about the strengths and weaknesses and the role of the Saudi government in achieving sustainable waste management with the most appropriate techniques. Moreover, extracting case studies in different locations from international cases and evaluating the applicability of its practices and policies in Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, the recommendations are that this study may contribute to bridging the gap by changing the current plans and practices in converting from landfilling to the best techniques that can be used such as anaerobic digestion, recycling, and waste-to-energy conversion. Therefore, we find that Saudi Arabia has all the potential to become sustainable in managing its waste by filling the gaps and moving towards a sustainable future.56 0Item Restricted Advancing Sustainable Living: Integrating Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Technologies for Energy Efficiency in Eco House Design(University of Strathclyde, 2023-11-24) Alsharari, Abdulelah; Sentenac, PhilippeAbstract Background: In the present ,me, the u,lisa,on of the latest and innova,ve technologies has become essen,al for this purpose, and the usage of renewable energy and smart technologies has increased dras,cally. Along with the effec,ve u,lisa,on of renewable energy, it plays an important role in terms of a?aining a sustainable environment which can promote a healthy lifestyle. Due to the effec,veness of renewable energy and smart technologies, it become one of the important requirement for domes,c opera,ons. The exis,ng research provides insight and knowledge regarding the effec,ve u,lisa,on of renewable energy sources for eco-house designing. Aim: The research aims to inves,gate the integra,on of intelligent technologies and renewable energy systems in the designing of eco-houses. Further, it examines the effect of renewable energy systems and intelligent technologies in achieving energy efficiency and sustainable living. Methods: The research depends on secondary qualita,ve method for data collec,on which allows the researcher to a?ain significant informa,on according to the objec,ves of the study through authen,c sources. The research depends on the sec,on of discussion and results in which various ar,cles and journals related to the research topic have analysed through different perspec,ves which integrate valuable informa,on into the study. In line with that the proposed recommenda,ons have focused on providing data analysis and categorisa,on to provide insight and knowledge related to the applica,on of renewable energy systems in the designing of eco-house. Conclusion: It is found that there is an importance of selec,ng renewable energy, automa,on in smart buildings, audits of energy consump,on along the training of users. Further, it is observed that integra,on with smart grids, collabora,on with experts and sustainable material selec,on have also become key aspect in terms of a?aining a sustainable environment for homes regarding the u,lisa,on of renewable energy. Through effec,ve u,lisa,on of these solu,ons, eco-houses can become one of the effec,ve aspect required for sustainable living through contribu,ng to a greener resilient global environment.38 0Item Restricted Interface and structural engineering of perovskite solar cells towards enhanced stability and performance(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-22) Almalki, Masaud; Graetzel, Michaelشهدت خلايا البيروفسكايت الشمسية تطورا سريعًا خلال العقد الأخير، حيث حققت كفاءة تنافس بالفعل أكثر تقنيات الخلايا الشمسية تأسيسًا واستخداما. تتميزهذه الخلايا بسهولة المعالجة وتتمتع بخصائص الكتروضوئية ممتازة تجعلها متاحة للعديد من التطبيقات في مجال الخلايا الشمسية والإلكترونيات البصرية. ومع ذلك، يكمن ضعف خلايا البيروفسكايت في ضعف استقرار أداها لفترة طويلة الذي يلزم لجعلها منتجاً تجاريًا. في هذه الرسالة، كنت أعمل على تحسين الاستقرار مستهدفًا مكونات مختلفة من هيكل خلايا البيروفسكايت بما في ذلك طبقة امتصاص ضوء الشمس ونقطة إلتقاص البيروفسكايت والطبقة الحاملة للشحنات الموجبة النتجة (p-type) في طبقة البيروفسكايت. وأخيرًا، استكشاف مواد جديدة والطبقة الحاملة للشحنات الموجبة النتجة (p-type) تحمل الإمكانية لتكون أكثر استقراراً مقارنة بالمواد المستخدمة حاليًا مثل spiro-OMeTAD. في الفصل الثاني تمت دراسة نوع من البيروفيسكايت يسمى البيروفسكايت المتدرجة Layered perovskite باستخدام الفينيلين-1،4-ديميثيل أمونيوم (PDMA) وتم استكشاف تركيبها على المستوى الذري. تم فحص الاستقرار هذي المواد في بيئات ذات رطوبة عالية مظهرا استقرارية هذا النظام في هذه الظروف والحصول على فهم أعمق لهذا النظام. في الفصل الثالث تمت معالجة سطح طبقة البيروفيسكايت بإيثيل أمونيوم يوديد (DEAI) حيث تم تحسين أداء الخلية الشمسية بكفاءة بنسبة 23.3% مع تحسين استقرار الخلية تحت الظروف التشغيلية والحرارية. في الفصل الرابع تم استخدام الغرافين أكسيد المطعم بالفلزات القلوية كطبقة حامية للبيروفسكايت، مما أسفر عن تحسين كفاءة تحويل الطاقة إلى 23.4%. أظهرت الخلايا الشمسية استقرارًا ممتازًا تحت الظروف التشغيلية والحرارية. وأخيرًا، في الفصل الخامس، تمت دراسة مواد جديدة (p-type)، مما أظهر أداءًا واعدًا. تم إجراء فحص شامل لخصائصها الإلكترونية والالكتروضوئية لتحديد العوامل الرئيسية المساهمة في فقدان الكفاءة، والتي تم العثور على أنها مرتبطة بتحسين نقطة التقاء سطح البيروفيسكايت مع طبقة (p-type) بدلاً من الخصائص الجوهرية لمواد (p-type)، أنفسها. يقدم هذا الفصل استراتيجية تحسين لهذه المواد الجديدة، مبرزًا إمكانياتها كبدائل لمواد (p-type) الحالية التي تمتاز بالفعالية العالية.24 0Item Restricted Energy Support in the Saudi Residential Sector Using Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-30) Qahtani, Abdullah; Trigunarsyah, Bambang; Simko, TomOver the past decade, Saudi Arabia's energy demand has increased significantly. Various variables, including population growth, economic development, improvements in living standards, Hot and arid climate weather, industrial growth, energy use policies, energy source diversification, and low-cost energy regimes, have contributed to this trend. The energy requirement of residential buildings in Saudi Arabia faces several problems, such as the energy sources currently in use, the rising demand for houses, and the general rise in individual consumption. Renewable energy sources must be utilised as one of the options to cover and minimise the energy demand, which is especially significant in the residential sector. As a developing country, Saudi Arabia faces different challenges in applying sustainability to residential buildings; therefore, it is essential to further sustainability research for better implementation and input in the development of the country. Solar systems are one of the greatest modern inventions the world has ever known, but like all building components, there are issues related to architecture or construction. The implementation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technology within the elements of residential buildings has the potential to mitigate those challenges. Residential buildings in Saudi Arabia face several challenges in meeting their energy demands. The implementation of sustainability in residential buildings causes particular challenges for Saudi Arabia. The thesis aims to develop a framework for successfully implementing BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It identifies the key stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding the use of BIPV technology and their understanding of its relationship with sustainability. This study also highlights the barriers and enabling factors to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it provides recommendations for stakeholders in Saudi Arabia, including government, industry, academia and end users, regarding the need to adopt BIPV technology. A combination of research methods was used to meet the outlined goals and research questions. Primary and secondary data are used in this study. The primary data are online questionnaires with key stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding BIPV technology, two Delphi rounds with specialists, and the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach analysis. The stakeholders' perceptions of BIPV technology in Saudi Arabia were first surveyed. That survey found that most respondents (around 88%) considered solar energy the best renewable source for residential electricity generation in Saudi Arabia. However, forty-two per cent of respondents did not know of any possible adverse effects of BIPV technology on the form and functionality of residential buildings. Also, twenty-six per cent of the sample group supports the idea that there is a possible adverse effect of BIPV technology on the shape and functions of residential buildings. The Delphi survey was then analysed to identify the barriers and factors to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It was noted that most of the experts who participated in the first Delphi round agreed with those barriers and factors related to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It was determined that a second Delphi round was unnecessary because the weighted average of all barriers and factors was high. Lastly, Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) was employed to identify factors, define their interrelationships, and rank them to clarify complex issues from a systems perspective. This study uses the process of ISM to consider the hierarchy and interdependence of the factors that could facilitate the implementation of BIPV technology. It was initially thought that the primary categorisation of factors would only be used to implement the ISM concept. Still, it was realised that it would be advantageous to identify all the relationships between the factors. The ISM model enables decision-makers to strategically plan the implementation of BIPV technology. The developed ISM organises the factors affecting BIPV adoption into an eight-level hierarchy. The ISM model handles all possible relationships between factors. It was concluded that the availability of BIPV technical experts and marketing specialists is the hierarchy's root for adopting BIPV technology in Saudi Arabia's residential buildings. This factor assists in achieving institutional acceptance and providing climatic and geographic data to adopt the BIPV technology in residential projects. Three other high-strength factors impact the adoption of BIPV: determining feed-in tariff to reduce BIPV installation costs, connecting different property rights and funding methods, and adopting the BIPV technology based on climatic and geographical data. Reducing the impact of the tax on the financial return, reducing variables in prices and components of the BIPV system, clarifying frameworks for stakeholders of grid interactive BIPV systems, and efficient planning, designing, operation and maintenance of BIPV systems are medium strengths concerning the BIPV adoption. The Saudi government stipulates no tax exemption considerations for PV technology systems. Efforts to resolve this difficulty will significantly assist in the adoption of BIPV technology. Thus, the price of system components can be reduced. In addition, the total cost per watt of PV systems has declined significantly in the last few years because of advances in their technology. Additional levels have factors classified as unstable linkage factors; any change in these factors will affect other factors. As Saudi Arabia is still in the beginning stages of adopting BIPV technology in residential buildings, the current progress for these levels is relatively low.34 0Item Restricted Physics and AI-Driven Anomaly Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems(Saudi Digital Library, 2023) Alotibi, Faris; Tipper, DavidOrganizations across various sectors are moving rapidly to digitization. Multiple applications in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) emerged from interconnectivity such as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and smart grids, utilizing advanced capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoTs), cloud computing, and machine learning. Interconnectivity also becomes a critical component in industrial systems such as smart manufacturing, smart oil, and gas distribution grid, smart electric power grid, etc. These critical infrastructures and systems rely on industrial IoT and learning-enabled components to handle the uncertainty and variability of the environment and increase autonomy in making effective operational decisions. The prosperity and benefits of systems interconnectivity demand the fulfillment of functional requirements such as interoperability of communication and technology, efficiency and reliability, and real-time communication. Systems need to integrate with various communication technologies and standards, process and analyze shared data efficiently, ensure the integrity and accuracy of exchanged data, and execute their processes with tolerable delay. This creates new attack vectors targeting both physical and cyber components. Protection of systems interconnection and validation of communicated data against cyber and physical attacks become critical due to the consequences of disruption attacks pose to critical systems. In this dissertation, we tackle one of the prominent attacks in the CPS space, namely the false data injection attack (FDIA). FDIA is an attack executed to maliciously influence decisions, that is CPSs operational decisions such as opening a valve, changing wind turbine configurations, charging/discharging energy storage system batteries, or coordinating autonomous vehicles driving. We focus on the development of anomaly detection techniques to protect CPSs from this emerging threat. The anomaly detection mechanisms leverage both physics of CPSs and AI to improve their detection capability as well as the CPSs' ability to mitigate the impact of FDIA on their operations.40 0Item Restricted Renewable Energy and Saudi Arabia Vision 2030: A Case Study of Masdar City(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-06-16) Alzahrani, Anas Khaled; Peker, Asli; Fousek, JohnThe thesis focuses on renewable energy in Saudi Arabia in the context of Vision 2030, through the International Company for Water and Power Projects (ACWA Power) to reduce oil dependency for revenues and develop a sustainable environment. The vision has set the goal of achieving 50% electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030. The Economic and Developmental Affairs Council developed the vision on 25th April 2016 when the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman first announced it. The vision aims to increase the Kingdom’s non-oil trade by developing the solar panel market. In chapter two, a literature analysis evaluating the views of various scholars regarding renewable energy in Saudi Arabia is provided and the research adopts the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) and Sustainability theories to focus the research on the theme of sustainability. The thesis is constructed as a policy paper and uses the case of Masdar City and the textual analysis of the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) report to evaluate the implementation of the policies within Vision 2030 regarding renewable energy use. In chapter five, a case study and results from a public opinion survey are used to help understand how Saudi Arabia can exploit its renewable energy potential and educate the mass public to support the initiative. As the case study shows, Masdar The city provides a blueprint for a carbon-free environment that upholds all three pillars of sustainability (economic, social, and environmental).80 0