Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations

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المواجهة الجزائية لنشر خطاب الكراهية عبر منصات التواصل الاجتماعي في القانون السعودي /دراسة مقارنة
(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ALbalawi، Rayan; ALjabrah, DR.Ali
The study examines the concept of hate speech under Saudi law and contemporary legal systems, identifying its various forms on social media platforms and assessing the impact of such practices on communal peace and security amid the rapid evolution of digital platforms and the corresponding need for legal response. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Saudi legal framework both legislative and criminal in addressing crimes involving manifestations of hate speech. It further seeks to analyze the notion of hate speech, its spread, and its legal implications for societal security. The central problem addressed in the study lies in assessing the extent to which Saudi law provides an effective legal response to hate speech in comparison with other legal systems, as well as examining the comprehensiveness of relevant legal provisions. Employing a scientific research methodology, the study adopts analytical, descriptive, and comparative approaches in examining the substantive and procedural rules governing hate speech crimes. The study reached several key findings, the most prominent of which are: hate speech crimes in Saudi Arabia fall under the provisions of the Anti-Cybercrime Law; social media platforms constitute a fertile environment for the proliferation of hate speech; and there is currently no specialized judicial circuit dedicated to adjudicating cybercrimes—including hate speech offenses. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably: considering the proposal of an independent law dedicated to regulating hate speech; enhancing international cooperation in legal matters; emphasizing the role of religious, legal, and educational institutions in raising awareness of hate speech practices; and recognizing digital evidence as equivalent to written documentation in evidentiary procedures.
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Shaping Luxury Brand Perceptions: Parasocial Relationships Between Saudi Female Followers and Instagram Influencers
(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Geoffrey, Shahla Mohammed; Ibrahim, Yasmin
This research is one of the few studies that focuses on parasocial relationships, Instagram influencers (i.e., the Instafamous), and consumers’ luxury brand perceptions in a Saudi Arabian context. It aims to provide insight into the complex dynamics of the parasocial relationships between the Instafamous and consumers of luxury brands on social media. The intention is to explore the nature and dimensions of these relationships, and how they shape Saudi female followers’ perceptions and endorsements of luxury brands. Building on the convergence between the primary theory of parasocial relationships and the complementary social influence theory, this qualitative research seeks to interrogate the social psychology of parasocial relationships between Instagram influencers and consumers in order to examine the positionality of influence in reconfiguring perceptions towards the marketplace and luxury goods. The thesis adopts an interpretivist approach to explore the influence of parasocial relationships with the Instafamous on Saudi female followers’ luxury brand perceptions and the effectiveness of Instafamous endorsements through conducting semi-structured interviews with six Instafamous, focus groups with 28 Saudi female followers, and netnography on ten Instafamous accounts. Through thematic analysis of the collected data, it is found that the perceived credibility of the Instafamous may play a role in the followers’ luxury brand perceptions. Moreover, modesty and privacy displayed by the Instafamous are perceived positively and could lead to more effective luxury brand endorsements. Through adopting the theory of parasocial relationships, it is argued that such relationships the followers build with the Instafamous are not proximate to real-life relationships and are indeed parasocial due to the inequivalence in the investments of time and emotions between the two involved parties (i.e., the follower and the Instafamous). Furthermore, the study expands on the definition provided by Audrezet et al. (2018) that transparent authenticity includes two significant values in Saudi society, namely, modesty and privacy, which influence the formation of parasocial relationships with the Instafamous and ultimately the followers’ perceptions of luxury brand endorsements. Additionally, an original categorisation of the motivations for toxic parasocial relationships with the Instafamous is presented, which includes factors such as moral judgments tied to disobedience regarding religious laws and beauty standards. Furthermore, a disconnect between the values of Islam and the Saudi culture, and those demonstrated by the Instafamous can adversely impact luxury brand associations among Saudi females. Finally, it is revealed that some Saudi female followers find it rewarding to follow Instafamous who practice sharenting (i.e., the practice of posting information about their personal lives on social media channels), fostering parasocial interactions that may lead to the development of positive parasocial relationships. It is believed that brand marketers can leverage these findings to positively influence consumer perceptions through parasocial relationships.
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Understanding and Predicting the Behavioural Evolution of Promotional Spambots on Social Media
(University of Birmingham, 2025-05-15) Alzahrani, Ohoud; Hendleym Bob
Social media bots are rapidly evolving, rendering traditional detection tools increasingly ineffective as these bots adapt their strategies. This research introduces a dynamic and predictive framework for modelling the behavioural evolution of online promotional spambots. Inspired by biological DNA, bot activities are encoded into behavioural sequences, with each block capturing seven distinct post-level features. Techniques such as sequence alignment, cosine similarity, and hierarchical clustering are used to group bots into behaviourally similar “families.” These families serve as the foundation for identifying behavioural mutations—insertions, deletions, substitutions, and alterations—that signal adaptive strategy changes. The model evaluates how these mutations propagate within and across bot families and investigates their predictive power through mutation transfer analysis and an event-driven case study. Results show that bots within the same family are significantly more likely to share and adopt behavioural mutations than those from different families. Closely related bots achieved high precision and F1 scores (up to 0.97) in mutation transfer prediction. These findings support the feasibility of a behavioural evolution model as a scalable, interpretable, and adaptive tool for anticipating future bot activity and offering a proactive approach to combating evolving threats on social media platforms.
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AUTOMATED DETECTION OF OFFENSIVE TEXTS BASED ON ENSEMBLE LEARNING AND HYBRID DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES
(Florida Atlantic University, 2025-05) Alqahtani, Abdulkarim Faraj; Ilyas, Mohammad
The impact of communication through social media is currently considered a significant social issue. This issue can lead to inappropriate behavior using social media, which is referred to as cyberbullying. The accessibility and freedom of expression afforded by social media platforms enable individuals to share their emotions and opinions, but it also leads to cyberbullying behavior. Automated systems are capable of efficiently identifying cyberbullying and performing sentiment analysis on social media platforms. In this dissertation, our focus is on enhancing a system to detect cyberbullying in various ways. Therefore, we apply natural language processing techniques utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms to identify offensive texts in various public datasets. The first approach leverages two deep learning models to classify a large-scale dataset, combining two techniques: data augmentation and the GloVe pre-trained word representation method to improve training performance. In addition, we utilized multi-classification algorithms on a cyberbullying dataset to identify six types of cyberbullying tweets. Our approach achieved high accuracy, particularly with TF-IDF (bigram) feature extraction, compared to previous experiments and traditional machine learning algorithms applied to the same dataset. We employed two ensemble machine learning methods with the TF-IDF feature extraction technique, which demonstrated superior classification performance. Moreover, we used four feature extraction methods, BoW, TF-IDF, Word2Vec, and GloVe, to determine which works best with the ensemble technique. Finally, we utilize a multi-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) enhanced with an attention mechanism and optimized using a focal loss function.
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Evolución y cambios en la producción de los contenidos digitales gubernamentales: el caso de la comunicación pública e institucional en Arabia Saudí
(Complutense Madrid University, 2024-10-18) Alnajrani, Hasan Mansour A; Mateo, Raquel Caerols; Lorenzo, Francisco Cabezuelo
تدرس هذه الأطروحة التطور والتغيرات في إنتاج المحتوى الرقمي الحكومي، مع الإشارة بشكل خاص إلى حالة الاتصالات العامة والمؤسسية في المملكة العربية السعودية، وذلك باستخدام أساليب جمع البيانات. ومن أشهر الجامعات التي تدعمها الحكومة السعودية الجامعة الإسلامية التي تضم ما يقرب من 85% من طلابها من خارج المملكة. وقد تم تطبيق أساليب تحليل المحتوى الرقمي على هذه الجامعة. وقد تم الحصول على نتائج سلسلة من المقابلات مع مديري ستة من مديري إدارات الاتصال في المؤسسات الحكومية وشبه الحكومية السعودية، وأخيراً تم إعداد استبيان شارك فيه 111 مستجيباً. كان المحور الرئيسي لهذه الدراسة هو إنتاج المحتوى الرقمي داخل إدارات الاتصال في المؤسسات الحكومية في المملكة العربية السعودية في سياق ظهور منصات التواصل الاجتماعي. وتواجه الحكومات تحدياً يتمثل في تصميم محتوى رقمي يتكيف مع احتياجات المواطنين نتيجة لتلك المنصات. فحوالي سبعين في المئة من السعوديين هم دون سن الثلاثين من العمر، ولهذا السبب تحتاج الحكومة إلى تطوير إدارات الاتصال والإعلام من أجل تقديم محتوى يتوافق مع المستخدمين بعيداً عن المحتوى الرسمي والبيروقراطي. وبالإضافة إلى استكشاف العوامل المؤثرة في إنتاج المحتوى الرقمي في العصر الرقمي، تحدد هذه الأطروحة الحلول التي يمكن أن تساعد الحكومات في تلبية احتياجات المواطنين الراغبين في معرفة الخدمات الحكومية وتوفير المعلومات المفيدة للمساهمة في زيادة المعرفة والحد من نشر المعلومات الخاطئة. وقد تم تقسيمها إلى قسمين رئيسيين لغرض التحليل والمناقشة. أولاً، العوامل الداخلية التي أدت إلى ثلاثة عوامل رئيسية: نقص الكتّاب المحترفين، وعدم وجود خطة لإنتاج المحتوى الرقمي، وإنتاج المحتوى الرقمي باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي. ثانياً، كانت هناك عوامل خارجية أدت أيضاً إلى ثلاثة مخاوف رئيسية: الرؤى الحكومية، والتوظيف والتدريب، وفهم القادة لدور الإعلام. في هذه الأطروحة، أزعم أن إنتاج المحتوى الرقمي في الحكومة يحتاج إلى تطوير مستمر من أجل تلبية متطلبات المواطنين من المعلومات، خاصة في ظل ظهور تطبيقات جديدة للإعلام الرقمي. لذلك، تجادل الأطروحة أنه في سياق الحكومات في العصر الرقمي، نحتاج إلى التفكير بشكل مختلف حول ما يشكل إنتاج المحتوى الرقمي.
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The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Behaviour in Saudi Arabia
(Loughborough University, 2023-05) Alsharyoufi, Sarah; Abu wardeh, Mahmoud
The results identified a positive but weak correlation between consumer behaviours and SMM efforts linking to aspects like entertainment, interactivity, perceived relevance, and informativeness. However, the relationship between interactivity and informativeness with consumer buying behaviours was more robust than the variables. Also, there was a moderate link between eWOM and SMIs with the consumers’ buying behaviours. On the other hand, regression analysis indicated a weak link between purchasing behaviours through SMM efforts that develop trust and brand awareness and image and entertainment, interactivity, perceived relevance, informativeness, eWOM and SMIs.
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Unveiling the Digital Divide: Public and Private Spaces on Social Media in the Saudi Context
(La Trobe University, 2024-05) Bahabri, Alaa Sultan; Bahfen, Nasya; McCarthy, Brigid
The emergence of social media has significantly altered the traditional boundaries between public and private, creating blurred spaces. As users around the world navigate these novel spaces, considerable research shows that they utilise various strategies to manage public and private. In the Saudi context, previous studies have shown that Saudis – influenced by Islamic privacy norms– tend to strictly segregate public and private spaces on social media using several strategies. Nonetheless, much of this research has primarily focused on users, with little attention paid to the influence of digital elements. This study investigates a common strategy of navigating public and private in the Saudi context, which is the segregation of public and private spaces across platforms. The study takes into account the influence of the platform’s interface and affordances. The study was conducted through three phases of data collection and analysis. The first phase involved analysing social media platforms using a digital ethnography approach; the walkthrough methodology to demonstrate the platform’s interface and affordances of public and private space. The second phase focused on investigating users’ perspectives and behaviours related to public and private spaces across platforms using a questionnaire and interviews. Lastly, the third phase delved deeper into specific public and private spaces identified during the earlier phases through in-depth interviews and further analysis the online social norms of public and private space. This study argues that, as social media platforms blur the boundaries between public and private, the proliferation of social media has led Saudi users to heavily rely on segregating public and private spaces across these platforms, taking into account each platform's interface and affordances. This segregation reflects the Islamic notion of privacy, and it allowed users to reflect and facilitate their culture and social norms in the online space. The findings revealed that Saudis preferred platforms with default public or default private design, while they negotiate semi-public platforms. Twitter was favoured as a public space due to its default public interface design, while Snapchat’s was favoured as a private space. Conversely, Facebook’s semi-public nature was rejected due to perceived openness, leading to its designation as a niche network among Saudis. Instagram’s semi-public space was also negotiated and was used as a functional platform. Finally, TikTok was rejected due to the perception that it is not culturally appropriate. 5 Further analysis examined the social norms on Twitter and Snapchat, highlighting the differences in public and private interactions. The study found Twitter users exhibited cautious behaviour due to its public interface design, and presented a collective self, with either a serious or professional personas. In contrast, Snapchat provided a unique dynamic, particularly as older users were present on the platform, leading young users to create a more closed private space that differed from offline private circles. Overall, this research underscores the intricate interplay of culture, technology, and user behaviour in shaping Saudi Arabia’s digital landscape, emphasising the importance of considering both the cultural values and digital environments in understanding these dynamics for effective platform design and policymaking.
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Understanding Patients' Perceptions of Social Support Features on Social Media and its Effects on Behaviour Change
(University of Wollongong, 2024-04) Basahal, Suliman Mabrouk; Win, Khin
Social media has become one of the most effective tools that diabetic patients increasingly use to adopt healthy behaviour in recent times. It has grown into one of the most social media platforms that diabetic patients gradually use to adopt healthy behaviour in the latest times. However, social support features on social media groups have significantly improved diabetic life, illustrating its practical impact on meeting diabetic patients' requirements. Exchanging social support features such as” Informational, emotional, belonging, and instrumental” in social media groups have played a remarkable role in maintaining diabetic conditions. Many studies covered Facebook's role in enhancing diabetic life, illustrating its practical effect on meeting diabetic patients' needs. Based on the latest update within the literature, there is a need to investigate the role of social support groups on social media and their role in changing patient behaviour. Recent studies do not present this appropriately, mainly when they refer to social media as a primary tool to identify patient behaviour change. Therefore, this research aims to fill the gaps in this area by focusing on patients' perceptions of social media usage to change patients' health behaviour regarding social support groups on social media. The research aims to understand patient perceptions of social support features on social media and its effects on their behaviour change. Mix method research composed to generate three main results chapters. First, the study started with a Delphi study to develop and validate a robust instrument that adequately captures the properties of the key constructs, domains, and relevant items required to study the role of social support features on diabetic Facebook groups and their effect on behaviour change. Second, the quantitative result is a crosssectional design that involves carrying out an online-based questionnaire, which is considered an appropriate design for such a study. In other words, this research conducted an online questionnaire to understand what patients believe about the role of social media in empowering social support aspects among virtual societies to encourage them to promote their health by changing unhealthy habits and adopting healthy behaviour. Third, the study conducted interviews with 12 diabetic patients who have experience with such social support groups on diabetes Facebook groups. It is an unstructured interview focused on patients’ free expression and their beliefs and experiences of diabetes Facebook groups. To validate an instrument to identify and measure diabetic patient perceptions of social support features on Facebook and their impact on behaviour change. An E-Delphi study was conducted, and 15 health and Information technology experts were involved. Two rounds have been completed, including 15 experts for round one and 12 experts for round two, to validate the new instrument that includes 57 items. The last instrument version involves 45 items with overall acceptable scale values, “relevance = 0.910, clarity = 0.900, and Importance = 0.862”, presenting an acceptable validity level for this novel instrument. However, further study must be conducted to validate the instrument developed in an empirical study. A cross-sectional survey collected a total of 339 questionnaires from Diabetic Facebook group users, 161 of which were included in the model analysis. SPSS was used for clearing and descriptive analysis, and a partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) used SmartPLS (Version 4.0.7.8) to analyze the measurement model and structural model tests for the study model “Developed Framework”. The results show that diabetes Facebook group users got helpful information “Content and 2 Source”, which indicates an enhancement in their awareness of diabetes disease, leading them to increase motivation to use such these groups, which led to growth in diabetes patients’ behaviour change. The research outcome states that there is a solid and positive impact on users’ behaviour change when they use diabetes Facebook groups. There was a positive relationship between users’ “Awareness, Instrumental Support, Ease of Use, Privacy Risk, and Usefulness” and their Motivation to use diabetes Facebook groups. There were no statistically adequate Emotional Support and Belonging Support on usage Motivation to use diabetes Facebook groups. The primary purpose of this qualitative part is to deeply understand the diabetic patient's perceptions of social support features on Facebook and how to utilize such technology to deal with this chronic disease, followed by its effect on behaviour change. A qualitative study was conducted at DFGs with 12 Arab members who had previously done the questionnaire and agreed to endure doing the online interview. The study was conducted to learn more about how they utilized the group "Facebook" pages' social support elements in detail. The collected data was analyzed using thematic approaches. Twelve interview transcripts were uploaded and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. The results show that DFGs have played a remarkable role in changing patient behaviour in their eating and practising habits. This study’s findings showed that the developed framework could explain customers' motivation to use diabetic Facebook groups, leading them to change their behaviour. In the end, the study afforded ideas and recommendations for further study and the implications of its study outcomes.
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The Effectiveness of Source and Message Characteristics on Consumers' Behavioural Response to Social Media Influencers Event Marketing Posts
(Bournemouth University, 2024-07-25) Alawairdhi, Fatimah; Moital, Miguel
With social media being the centre of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communication and connections, marketing strategies and initiatives have aligned with current trends. This is seen in all sectors, and the event industry is no exception. One of the strategies used is social media influencer (SMI) marketing and it continues to rise in prominence for its perceived ability in persuasive communication. This dissertation explores the effectiveness of source and message characteristics on consumer behavioural responses within the context of SMI marketing promotions for events, specifically focusing on the Riyadh Season events Boulevard World and Boulevard City. This study employs a quantitative approach, utilising an online questionnaire distributed via social media platforms to a sample of Saudi citizens. The research investigates key characteristics such as trustworthiness, likeability, message credibility, strength of delivery and richness, alongside the interpersonal factor of homophily. Different consumer responses were explored but the focus of this study is on behavioural. The study also explored theories such theory of planned behaviour (1898) and the AIDA model (1985) to understand consumer behaviour and response and to how efficiently persuade them to interact with marketing and promotional content. The choice of Saudi Arabia as the geographical focus for this research is justified by the Saudi society’s high social media usage and the significant role SMIs play in marketing within the region in addition to the surge of event the country is experiencing. The data collected revealed that message characteristics are more effective in generating a behavioural response from consumers to the event promotional content than source characteristics. Recommendations for future research include expanding the geographical scope to other Gulf regions, conducting longitudinal studies and exploring additional source and message characteristics.
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EVALUATION OF A WHATSAPP-DELIVERED DIABETIC SELF-MANAGEMENT EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: A MIXED METHODS STUDY
(The University of Newcastle, 2024-06-07) Yaagoob, Esmaeel; Regina, Lee; Chan, Sally; Stubbs, Michelle
Diabetes is a severe chronic health and potentially devastating medical condition that has increased in prevalence over the past few decades to constitute a significant public health challenge of the twenty-first century. Inadequate diabetes management can result in severe complications, including cardiovascular diseases and strokes, impacting the quality of life. Effective self-management is crucial, with individuals making daily decisions related to their diabetes care. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) provides people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) the necessary knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage their condition. It has been found that increasing individual knowledge regarding disease and its complications has significant benefits in compliance with treatment and decreasing complications associated with diabetes. Traditionally, such programs are conducted via face-to-face group sessions. However, there are challenges in accessing face-to-face programs due to factors such as geographic location and travelling distances. In regions where digital technology and social media are pervasive, there is potential to increase innovative delivery methods such as social media platforms to provide accessible and flexible DSMES, thereby reaching a wider audience and improving health outcomes for individuals with T2DM. Considering the widespread use of WhatsApp in Saudi Arabia, online delivery of the DSMES may serve as a viable platform to decrease the burden and impact of living with T2DM. All research in this thesis was conducted in Saudi Arabia using a mixed-methods experimental design to examine the effectiveness of DSMES delivered via WhatsApp for people with T2DM. There are three phases in this study. In Phase One, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured phone interviews. The objective of this phase was to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences and perceptions of people with T2DM regarding diabetes self-management. Insights from this phase guided the development of the teaching materials for the online diabetes self-management education program implemented in Phase Two. In Phase Two, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted. The objective of the RCT study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the WhatsApp-based DSMES in enhancing self-efficacy and diabetic knowledge (primary outcomes), as well as evaluating its impact on glycemic control (HbA1c), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and levels of anxiety and depression (secondary outcomes). Subsequently, the third phase was a process evaluation to explore the experiences of people with T2DM who participated in the newly developed WhatsApp-based DSMES. In Phase One (qualitative interviews), nineteen (n=19) participants were recruited from the diabetes centres located within Jazan General Hospital and King Fahd Central Hospital in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Themes generated from the qualitative analysis included knowledge deficit regarding disease management and its complications, difficulties in coping with the disease, adjusting to lifestyle changes and coping mechanisms influenced by a blend of culture and religion. Participants shared their experiences in accessing diabetic services via social media. Data generated from Phase One were used to develop an intervention that was tailored to the specific needs and experiences of people with T2DM in Saudi Arabia, as identified through the qualitative inquiry. The intervention was developed based on self-efficacy theory and aimed to enhance the self-management skills of people with T2DM through a structured educational delivered via WhatsApp. Common outcomes of WhatsApp-based DSMES for people with DM is to increase motivation to modify behaviours, adopt healthier lifestyles and adhere to prescribed medications. The educational content of the WhatsApp-based DSMES included general diabetes care information, signs and symptoms of diabetes, pathophysiology, aetiology, diet therapy, exercise, and other self-care behaviours. The intervention was delivered over six weeks, with each week focusing on a specific topic related to diabetes management. Participants received text messages, photos, and videos through a WhatsApp group, and were encouraged to interact, share experiences, and ask questions. The educational sessions were designed to take about one hour per week, and participants indicated their engagement by sending a thumbs-up emoji or the word "done" after reviewing the weekly content. In Phase Two (RCT), 80 participants were recruited from the diabetes centres at Jazan General Hospital and King Fahd Central Hospital in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia were randomly assigned into intervention (n=40) and control groups (n=40). The intervention group received a 6-week intervention via WhatsApp, while the control group received usual care. The primary outcomes measured included UK-Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DSMES-UK) and the Diabetes Knowledge Test2 (DKT2). The secondary outcomes measured included glycaemic blood test (HBA1C), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Diabetes Quality-Of-Life scale (DQOL). These outcomes were assessed at three time points: baseline, immediate post intervention at 6th week and two months after the intervention at 12th week. Findings at 6- and 12-week time points showed significant improvement in DSMES-UK and DKT2 in the intervention group compared to the control group. No significant difference in secondary outcomes was observed in HbA1c, total HADS, total DQoL, T0 to T1. In Phase Three (process evaluation), twenty-three (n=23) participants from the intervention group were recruited. Those who had previously consented during Phase Two and had indicated their willingness to share their experiences of the intervention were invited to participate in semi-structured phone interviews. Qualitative analysis found the participants expressed positive feedback surrounding the acceptability, flexibility, and relevance of the intervention content along with elements of cultural inclusion of the WhatsApp-based program. The participants also supported that the 6-week WhatsApp-based DSMES intervention enhanced a healthy change in lifestyle choices. They offered recommendations for enhancing the WhatsApp-based DSMES including more interactive and real-time features, the inclusion of allied health professionals for specialized support, the involvement of family members, and the integration of the program into standard diabetes care practices. These suggestions could increase the WhatsApp-based DSMES effectiveness, engagement, and overall impact on diabetes management. Findings of this study highlighted the positive effects of a WhatsApp-based DSMES on self-efficacy and diabetic knowledge of people with T2DM. Findings also provided feasibility data for the delivery of an evidence-based social media intervention to achieve optimal diabetes control, health outcomes, and quality of life for people with T2DM within communities. Findings further demonstrated DSMES was easily accessible, flexible, and assisted participants in modifying their behaviours to adopt a healthier lifestyle. By incorporating social media and culturally specific needs into DSMES, we can enhance health outcomes for people with T2DM and alleviate disease burden. Healthcare providers and policymakers may improve health outcomes for people living with T2DM by implementing the delivery of DSMES via social media platforms such as WhatsApp. Future research should focus on multicentre clinical trials with longer follow-up periods to investigate the long-term and cost-effectiveness of WhatsApp-based DSMES. Future studies should also explore the perspectives of diabetes educators and nurses and the readiness of healthcare centres to implement such online educational interventions. Expanding the scope to include a family-centred approach may lead to more sustainable interventions to promote self-management skills for people living with T2DM within communities.
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Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations

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