SACM - United Kingdom
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Item Restricted Government Legislation's Influence on Clean Energy Integration: A Legal Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Corporations in Saudi Arabia and the UK Clean Energy Sectors.(University of Westminster, 2025) Alsudais, Saleh; Muth, Daniela1. Abstract: The study has provided a comparative study on the Legal Frameworks prevalent in Saudi Arabia and the UK considering the challenges faced by the corporations dealing with clean energy. It is by the year 2030 that the UK intends to accomplish the aim of producing “about half of its electricity using renewable energy sources, with the remaining 50% to be generated from gas” taking into account the point that it is beyond the testament of the commitment to sustainability for Saudi Arabia. As per the principles of the International Energy Agency (IEA), "Saudi’s electricity generation mix is still dominated by natural gas (58.4%) and oil (41.3%)” with around 0.3% found being “sourced from renewables, the majority of which is generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities” . The Ten Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution, an initiative of the UK has been illustrated in Figure 1 below for harnessing the potential of nature to absorb carbon through the establishment of new National Parks, as well as the Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, thereby founding superior biodiversity-related havens, concentrating on the 2030’s goal of safeguarding the 30% of England’s countryside. Besides, “the Climate Change Act sets legally binding targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the UK by at least 80% by 2050, from 1990 levels” , which has become the Parliament’s Act in the year 2008. 1.1. Research Purpose and Objectives The main purpose of conducting this research is to provide a comparison between the clean energy regulations of Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this context, it considers exploring the impact that Saudi Arabia's accession has on the World Trade Organization taking into account the clean energy sector, encompassing the manner, in which national legislation can be influenced by international trade commitments, thereby supporting the sector’s growth over the years. Considerably, the research objectives that have been formulated for being discussed in the study are as follows: 1. Analyse Government Legislation: Examine how government legislation influences the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. 2. Identify Challenges and Opportunities: Identify the key legal challenges and opportunities that corporations face when complying with clean energy regulations in both regions. 3. Compare Regulatory Frameworks: Provide a comparative analysis of the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK, highlighting similarities and differences. 4. Assess Impact on Corporations: Evaluate the impact of these legislative measures on corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption. 5. Recommend Best Practices: Suggest best practices and actionable insights for policymakers and corporate stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of legal frameworks and promote sustainable corporate growth in the clean energy sector. 1.2. Research Questions The completion of the study can contribute to the addressing of the main research question as provided below: • What are the key similarities and differences between the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK? For addressing the main question, the below-listed sub-questions also need to be duly addressed: • How does government legislation impact the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia? • What are the primary legal challenges and opportunities for corporations complying with clean energy regulations in Saudi Arabia? • How do these legislative measures affect corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption in both regions? • What best practices can be recommended to policymakers and corporate stakeholders to improve legal compliance and promote a robust clean energy sector in Saudi Arabia 1.3. Research Background For the attainment of the research aim and objectives, it is first of all important to understand the different terminologies associated with Clean Energy Legislation, the definitions for the different concepts have thus been outlined herein for setting up an apt foundation for the study. Renewable Energy can be defined as the “energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed” with some of the common ones being solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Although the terms ‘Renewable Energy' and 'Green Energy' are used interchangeably there exists a significant difference between the two and that is Green Energy can be produced from a particular source and with the application of a specific method, which by no means can be harmful to the natural environment. It can hence be stated that all renewable energy sources cannot be considered as green energy but the majority of the sources of green energy are found to be renewable in nature ; . One of the most common types of renewable energy is the Solar Energy and Wind Energy with the former found to be generated from Sun and the latter directly from the air. In this context, Solar energy is found to be “created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun” and is indeed “necessary for life on Earth, and can be harvested for human uses such as electricity” . On the other hand, wind energy generation is primarily associated with kinetic energy, i.e., the energy evolving from motion. To understand wind energy more aptly, it can be stated that a "wind turbine takes the kinetic energy of wind and turns it into electrical energy” . Another important concept to be discussed throughout the study is Carbon Emission, which refers to the carbon compounds getting released into the atmosphere in the forms of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) contributing to the trapping of heat into the atmosphere and in turn leading to the occurrence of global warming as the foremost outcome . To provide a detailed discussion on Clean Energy Integration, knowing about the Hydrogen Economy is of great significance and it can be defined as “a vision of an energy delivery infrastructure based on hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier” . A multifaceted global movement encompasses a state of transition taking place towards renewable energy, as well as sustainability. It is further driven by the factors of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, identifying the urgent need for combating climate change, and promoting environmental conservation. One of the several trends that contributes to the restructuring of the energy landscape universally is the renewable technologies’ economic viability, which can be inferred from the dramatic improvement brought about in the solar, as well as wind power’s competitiveness from the year 2010 to 2020. The electricity expenses incurred from utility-scale solar Photovoltaics (PV) had fallen by 85% with a reduction in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) by 68% followed by a fall in the onshore wind and offshore wind by 56% and 48% respectively. It can further be inferred that “up to 800 gigawatts (GW) of existing coal-fired capacity could be economically replaced by new renewables capacity, saving the electricity system up to USD 32 billion per year and reducing carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions by up to 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2” . Rapidly growing usage of renewable energy technologies is another trend indicating the global shift towards sustainability. It can be understood from the point that wind energy production has risen globally from 0.5 petawatt-hours (PWh) (2011) to 4.8 PWh (2021) with the world found to be harnessing 2.7 PWh of solar energy in the year 2021 from 2009 showing an increase by 4,660%. Contextually, “the shift to renewable energy picked up speed in 2022, contributing to a 107 gigawatt (GW) global surge, making up 90% of new power capacity, fossil fuels included. In 2023, this is expected to surpass 440 GW, matching India's total power capacity. By 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts, driven mostly by solar PV technology advances, this growth will equal the combined power capacities of China and the US” . Therefore, it can be stated that shifts have not by any means taken place automatically but necessitate the need for making continuous investment in the domains of training, as well as re-skilling so that workers can be prepared for taking up the required roles and playing their parts efficiently in the sectors dealing with renewable energy resources. This study initially develops the Introduction chapter, which offers insights into the International Energy Agency’s principles dominating the legal frameworks of the UK and Saudi Arabia along with the policies being presented in the Ten-Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution. The purpose and objective of the study along with the research questions have also been underlined herein with brief description of the related terminologies. This is followed by the second chapter of International Framework for Clean Energy, which demonstrates in details the diverse factors and components of the frameworks and their impacts in the long run. In the third chapter of the study, the Legal Frameworks of Clean Energy prevalent in Saudi Arabia has been discussed in details encompassing the related theoretical frameworks, application of Corporate Social Responsibility policies, and the challenges associated with the same. Another point of discussion under this chapter is the Vision 2030 and Clean Energy Legislation of Saud Arabia, which is followed by the strategic initiatives and legal aspects associated with the same. Clean Energy Legislation Trends of Saudi Arabia has also been discussed herein based on the data gathered on the impacts of the legal frameworks on the corporations dealing with clean energy services. The fourth chapter is the Legal Frameworks of Clean Energy prevalent in the UK, which not only discussed about the relevant theoretical frameworks along with description of the Climate Change Act 2008 and the Green Industrial Revolution but also the Legislation Trends of Clean Energy within the nation. The fifth and the most important chapter of the study is the Comparative Analysis of Legal Frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this case, the foremost section demonstrates the differences lying between the legal and regulatory frameworks of both the nations. The similarities and differences lying amidst the legal challenges in the corporate compliances of the UK and Saudi Arabia have also been critically compared and interpreted under this section. This is followed by the comparison of the clean energy sectors’ opportunities under the existing frameworks, which have been considerably described in this section of the study for demonstrating the differences within the markets of the UK and Saudi Arabia, specifically the grounds of investment incentives and market access as well.21 0Item Restricted How has Saudi Arabia maintained political stability, monarchical survival and curtailed the traditional patronage system while implementing economic and social reforms under Vision 2030?(The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2024) Alenazi, Jenna Hamid H; Hertog, SteffenThis dissertation investigates the impact of Saudi Vision 2030's comprehensive socio-economic reforms on the political stability and monarchical survival of Saudi Arabia. By examining specific economic and social reforms, implemented since 2016, it focuses on how these changes have contributed to the monarchy’s resilience. Also, it examines the reforming and curtailment of the traditional patronage system, highlighting how through Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia has developed an updated social contract. Key economic reforms analysed include the introduction of VAT, deregulation of oil and gas prices and the increase in renewable energy. Social reforms include youth unemployment, female labour force participation and housing subsidies. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilising process-tracing to analyse key data from 2016 to early 2024, including GDP growth, labour force participation, unemployment rates and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), supplemented by government documents, to measure the progress, effectiveness and implementation levels of the reforms. The findings reveal that the economic and social reforms under Vision 2030 have mitigated potential political instability through economic diversification, job creation for women and youth and the strategic balancing of austerity measures with compensatory programs. By aligning social reforms with societal expectations and addressing public concerns, the government has demonstrated its capacity to meet modern demands lessening potential for unrest. Furthermore, this study suggests that these reforms, despite curtailing the traditional patronage system, have reinforced the monarchy’s legitimacy. The concept of monarchical survival is used to demonstrate how Saudi’s monarchy has successfully navigated turbulent political, economic and social challenges, ensuring its continued survival in a rapidly changing landscape.23 0Item Restricted Integrating Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Sustainable Project Management(University of Exeter, 2024-07-04) Alqurashi, Abdullah; Roman, Jose MelenezSustainable project management encompassed the economic, environmental, and social aspects of a project to attain the project objectives in a sustainable manner. Nonetheless, the integration of AI technologies in sustainable project management was still low due to factors like inadequate knowledge of technical know-how, costs of implementing AI technologies, and resistance from the project team. This research aimed to identify the factors that hinder the application of AI in project management for sustainable practices and provided recommendations for enhanced application. The research sought to understand the status of AI adoption, challenges faced, and the impact of knowledge management practices on project performance based on the survey of 40 professionals in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this research enhanced the theoretical understanding of the topic by identifying that the level of awareness of AI is much higher than the level of its adoption. The research results show that although the level of awareness of AI technologies is relatively high, the implementation of the technologies is limited because of technical, financial, and organizational constraints. This research has also highlighted how knowledge management practice can be used to close this gap which can enhance increase in project performance, reduce costs and promote innovation. The research provided practical recommendations for organizations interested in using AI for sustainability and following best practices on a global level and in alignment with the vision of Saudi Arabia for the future. When applying these recommendations, professionals will be able to increase project efficiency, reduce costs, and promote innovation which contributes to sustainable development goals. This research presents a conceptual model that outlines how AI technologies can be applied in sustainable project management, fostering innovation and sustainable development. The research also highlights the necessity for future research to delve deeper into developing actionable frameworks and practical strategies for integrating AI into sustainable project management.66 0Item Restricted How has Saudi Arabia maintained political stability, monarchical survival and curtailed the traditional patronage system while implementing economic and social reforms under Vision 2030?(The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2024-08) Alenazi, Jenna Hamid; Hertog, SteffenThis dissertation investigates the impact of Saudi Vision 2030's comprehensive socio-economic reforms on the political stability and monarchical survival of Saudi Arabia. By examining specific economic and social reforms, implemented since 2016, it focuses on how these changes have contributed to the monarchy’s resilience. Also, it examines the reforming and curtailment of the traditional patronage system, highlighting how through Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia has developed an updated social contract. Key economic reforms analysed include the introduction of VAT, deregulation of oil and gas prices and the increase in renewable energy. Social reforms include youth unemployment, female labour force participation and housing subsidies. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilising process-tracing to analyse key data from 2016 to early 2024, including GDP growth, labour force participation, unemployment rates and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), supplemented by government documents, to measure the progress, effectiveness and implementation levels of the reforms. The findings reveal that the economic and social reforms under Vision 2030 have mitigated potential political instability through economic diversification, job creation for women and youth and the strategic balancing of austerity measures with compensatory programs. By aligning social reforms with societal expectations and addressing public concerns, the government has demonstrated its capacity to meet modern demands lessening potential for unrest. Furthermore, this study suggests that these reforms, despite curtailing the traditional patronage system, have reinforced the monarchy’s legitimacy. The concept of monarchical survival is used to demonstrate how Saudi’s monarchy has successfully navigated turbulent political, economic and social challenges, ensuring its continued survival in a rapidly changing landscape.11 0Item Restricted Opportunities and Challenges for Hosting the 2034 Men’s FIFA World Cup in Saudi Arabia: Developing A Priority Indicator Framework(Loughborough University, 2024-09-14) Ali, Kamel; Ghaye, TonyThe purpose of the study was to explore the distinctive qualities of Saudi Arabia in hosting the 2034 FIFA World Cup™, and to develop a priority indication framework that specifies areas of development need to be addressed early to achieve successful delivery and sustainable legacy for the event. The study adopted a mixed-method approach and a single case study strategy. Qualitative research was conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews with four participants from different sport backgrounds guided by convenience sampling. The study administered an online survey to generate quantitative data research, to a defined population of 150 out of which 121 respondents completed and submitted the survey. A snowball sampling technique was employed for both qualitative and quantitative parts to identify additional participants' individuals or groups. Manual analysis techniques were used for both qualitative and quantitative primary data. The empirical case confirms that Saudi Arabia is ready to host the 2034 World Cup utilizing its distinctive qualities and competitive advantages for strategic planning over the next 10 years. This research helped develop the ‘Priority Indicator Framework' sequencing strategies into 10 priority levels. The framework specifies areas of improvements as opportunities and challenges that Saudi Arabia needs to prioritize over the next 10 years to potentially achieve successful delivery and long-lasting legacy for the event. Though not official, the 'Priority Indicator Framework' suggests that the earlier the interventions, the better the outcomes.16 0Item Restricted A Study of Revitalizing and Protecting Historical Sites in Al Ahsa for Tourism to Achieve Saudi Vision 2030(University of Sheffield, 2024-09) AlOmran, Abdulaziz; Williams, GlynThis study investigates the revitalization and preservation of historical sites in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, to promote heritage tourism and support the goals of Saudi Vision 2030. It also highlights the vital role of local community engagement in preserving and revitalizing historical sites. The study focuses on three main areas: (1) how the social and economic benefits of these sites can stimulate local engagement; (2) factors that contribute to declining visitation rates; and (3) community attitudes, behaviours, and motivations toward heritage conservation. Using semi-structured interviews with heritage and tourism sector officials and opinion polls of Al Ahsa residents, the findings reveal a generational gap: younger residents show less interest in historical sites than older residents, who have deeper cultural and historical ties. The study suggests that enhancing economic opportunities associated with these sites could attract younger people to participate in their preservation, while older residents are more motivated by cultural pride. In addition, poor marketing, inadequate facilities, and limited services were identified as significant barriers to increasing visitor numbers. These insights underscore the need for comprehensive strategies that balance economic development with heritage preservation, enhance community engagement, and improve infrastructure to ensure sustainable tourism growth. The study findings contribute to understanding how Al Ahsa’s historical sites can be leveraged to enhance local identity, pride, and economic growth, which aligns with the broader goals of Saudi Vision 2030.29 0Item Restricted An Alternative Land Transport Strategy for Achieving Saudi Vision 2030's Direct and Indirect Goals(Swansea University, 2024-09-25) Alarifi, Abdulrahman; Samaras, VasileiosThis dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis and alternative strategy for developing Saudi Arabia’s land transport sector, aligning with the broader goals of Vision 2030. The research aims to address key challenges in the sector, explore global best practices, and propose strategies to enhance Saudi Arabia’s competitiveness as a global logistics hub. The study begins by contextualising the historical and strategic importance of Saudi Arabia's land transport infrastructure, emphasising its role in economic diversification and global connectivity. Informed by a literature review, the research identifies critical programmes under Vision 2030, such as the National Industrial Development and Logistics Programme (NIDLP), which focuses on modernising infrastructure and integrating advanced technologies to foster sustainable growth. The methodological approach leverages several analytical tools—Porter's Five Forces, PESTEL analysis, SWOT, and the TOWS matrix—to assess both external and internal factors affecting the land transport sector. This multi-faceted analysis leads to the identification of 24 strategic objectives, which are prioritised using a Decision Matrix to align with Vision 2030's direct and indirect goals. These objectives are categorised into themes such as technological innovation and modernisation, sustainability and environmental challenges, and public-private partnerships. The discussion highlights key findings, such as the importance of integrating advanced technologies, fostering public-private partnerships, and improving multimodal transport solutions. The adoption of digital platforms, the use of innovative safety measures, and the implementation of sustainable practices are highlighted as critical factors in ensuring the sector's long-term growth and resilience. Furthermore, the dissertation identifies challenges such as regulatory barriers, high costs, and the need for continuous technological upgrades. In conclusion, the research underscores the strategic importance of the land transport sector in achieving Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. The recommended strategies, including increased investments in infrastructure, enhanced governance frameworks, and the adoption of global best practices, are essential for transforming Saudi Arabia into a global logistics hub. The findings and recommendations provide a roadmap for policymakers and stakeholders to implement a well-aligned, future-ready transport system, driving economic diversification and sustainability.14 0Item Restricted Exploring the Underlying Factors and Barriers that Contribute to the Representation of Women in Leadership Positions within Advertising Agencies in Saudi Arabia, in the Context of Saudi Vision 2030(Queen Mary University London, 2024) Altowairqi, Raheed; Licsandru, TanaThis qualitative research aims to address the factors and barriers that contribute to the representation of women in leadership positions within advertising agencies in Saudi Arabia in the context of Saudi Vision 2030. While Vision 2030 creates new opportunities for women in Saudi Arabia's advertising industry, persistent cultural and organizational barriers still hinder their full participation in leadership roles. The study highlights the ongoing struggle to balance progress with deep-rooted traditional norms. 10, industry leaders were interviewed using semi-structured open-ended questions to understand the complex and diverse experiences and perceptions of both men and women in the industry. The research applies a thematic analysis method to find themes and patterns while using institutional and social capital theory as an analytical lens. The themes include (1) the impact of Vision 2030 on gender dynamics and work culture (2) barriers to female leadership and gender biases in advertising (3) support systems and career development for women (4) women's leadership styles and representation. The research has found that while Vison 2030 poses as an institutional enabler, opening more opportunities for women in leadership, cultural and organizational barriers still hinder true gender equality. Women face challenges like balancing family life, stereotypes, and traditional gender norms, with these issues influenced by a complex interplay of regulatory, normative, and cultural factors.7 0Item Restricted Achieving Global Recognition: Higher Education Rankings and the Commitment to Quality in Saudi Arabia’s 2030 Strategic Vision(University of Glasgow, 2024) Alanazi, Abdulaziz Hamoud; Doherty, RobertThis study has as a primary focus the devising of strategic recommendations to help the government of Saudi Arabia achieve its goals, particularly the objective of having at least five Saudi institutions among the top 200 global universities by 2030. The research explored the challenges in realizing the educational targets set in The Saudi Vision 2030, aiming to position Saudi Arabia as a global education leader. In examining the background of education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the study delves into the historical evolution of the education system and its alignment with contemporary aspirations, notably the Saudi Vision 2030. This comprehensive overview provides context for understanding the current higher education landscape and the imperative for transformation. The conceptualization of the western form of the university, from its origins as a Church institution to its evolution into a globalized modern entity, forms a backdrop to an understanding of the university of today. The concept of excellence in higher education is explored, tracing its trajectory from ancient universities to the present era. This examination encompasses the historical development of formal quality systems and the contemporary imperative for achieving world-class status. The development of higher education quality and quality assurance frameworks are considered. The study explores ranking systems in higher education, addressing their development, impact, and significance to improving institutional status and global position. With reference to a wider framework of neoliberalism and its globalizing affects, attention is given to how Saudi universities confront the complexities of global ranking systems and their implications for institutional advancement. By considering critical perspectives and emerging trends in ranking methodologies, the research identifies pathways for enhancing the global competitiveness of Saudi institutions. The study underscores the interconnectedness of historical legacies, contemporary challenges, and future aspirations in advancing Saudi higher education. By synthesizing insights from diverse domains, strategic recommendations are formulated to support Saudi universities towards global prominence, aligning with the ambitious vision outlined in Saudi Vision 2030. In addition to a review of the relevant literature, ten interviews were conducted with senior leaders from universities, Vice Rectors for Planning, Development, and Quality. The participants, from both the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia, possessed practical and operational expertise in higher education ranking focused activity. This research identified crucial factors pivotal for advancing the higher education system towards its strategic goal. The study highlights the significant roles of academic research, the cultivation of research identity, marketing, publicity, financial resource attraction, academic and administrative autonomy, and academic reputation. These elements are collectively decisive to any effort to elevate the global rankings of Saudi universities. The research indicates areas recommended for enhancement in Saudi universities, including bolstering academic reputation, promoting research, investing in research and development, fostering international collaborations, and attracting international students.45 0Item Restricted Participations and Interactions: A study of emerging art practices in Saudi Arabia supported by the Saudi Vision 2030(University of Reading, 2024-07-16) Alghamdi, Bushra Attieh Ali; Allen, KateParticipatory art practice in Saudi Arabia in the 21st century has become an increasingly important form of art, found in numerous exhibitions and events presented by institutions and artists. Yet little research has been done on the emergence, challenges, and goals of the participatory art practices of artists and art institutions in the Saudi context. Participatory art in Saudi Arabia requires us to create a new critical framework to understand its art historical significance and better understand the phenomenon in a Saudi context (for the viewer and from the standpoint of the artists involved with this approach). A close look at current contemporary art practices shows that there is an ambition to embody an open, if not outright, participatory and interactive experience that encourages public participation. After the initiation of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi officials noticed that art in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia could also be used to foster societal development and to develop stronger international relations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia globally. In this context, my research aims to define important fields linked with Saudi Arabian participatory art practices, and closely examine ideas of interactivity and participation. It focuses on the artists’ motivations and intentions when presenting these artworks. Ethical issues (both for the institutions and artists) are explored, as well as the position of the institution as the funder for artists and their commissioned work. Questions about the social and cultural factors that condition participatory art practices in Saudi Arabia are addressed, and the different views artists take towards such practices are considered. This will also include a thorough analysis of how the cultural programme Saudi Vision 2030 is affecting the participatory art practices of certain artists and art institutions. Through the examination of these issues, I open up a set of questions that lead to new and original understandings of participatory art practice in Saudi Arabia and critically explore the challenges and goals of key Saudi contemporary artists. To accomplish this task, a qualitative method was applied to examine the role of artists and art institutions. This study has been conducted using a variety of data collection methods, including literature research, visits to exhibitions, and 9 interviews.26 0
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