SACM - Malaysia
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9660
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Item Restricted A Study on Enhancing Construction Efficiency, Implementing Project Management Principles among Contractors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2024) AlHameed, AlFadaly Abd; Mohamad, NasaniThis dissertation investigates the challenges facing the construction industry in developing countries, despite its significant economic contribution and employment opportunities. Drawing on data from Ofori (2006), Jekale (2004), and Idoko (2008), it examines the prevalent issues such as time and cost overruns, poor-quality infrastructure, and inefficiencies in resource allocation. The study highlights the detrimental effects of time and cost overruns on project schedules, budgets, and overall economic progress. It also explores the factors contributing to these overruns, including inadequate planning, project management deficiencies, and regulatory obstacles. Furthermore, the dissertation delves into the consequences of poor-quality infrastructure on societal well-being and economic development. It discusses the root causes of substandard construction practices, lack of skilled labor, and inadequate quality control measures. Moreover, the research sheds light on the inefficiencies in resource allocation and utilization within the construction sector of developing countries. It identifies barriers such as limited access to capital, outdated technology, and resistance to innovation. The dissertation concludes by advocating for collaborative efforts among governments, private sector stakeholders, and international organizations to address these challenges. It suggests strategies such as infrastructure investment, vocational training enhancement, regulatory reform, and technology adoption to improve the performance and competitiveness of the construction industry in developing countries.4 0Item Restricted INVESTIGATION OF MSM UV PHOTODETECTOR BASED ON PLASMONIC EFFECT OF METALS NANOPARTICLE DECORATED POROUS SILICON(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ARISHI RAED, ABDULLAH; Ahmed, Nasser Mohamad; Samsuri, Siti Azrah MohamadPhotodetectors (PDs) are essential in ultraviolet (UV) sensing, biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and optical communication; however, conventional silicon-based devices suffer from poor UV sensitivity and surface recombination defects. Porous silicon (PS) provides a promising platform due to its high surface area and strong light-trapping capability, while integrating metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can induce surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to enhance light absorption and charge carrier generation. This study investigates and compares the plasmonic effects of Ag, Au, Cu, and Ni nanoparticles on PS-based PDs to improve UV detection efficiency. PS was fabricated using photoelectrochemical etching (PECE), while NPs were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and deposited on PS using drop-casting. We performed electrical (I–V and I–T) measurements under dark and UV conditions, along with FESEM, XRD, and UV-Vis NIR analyses. The Au NPs/PS device achieved the highest sensitivity (37,465%) with rise and decay times of 0.232 s and 0.20 s, respectively, because of Au's chemical inertness, while Cu NPs/PS showed the lowest sensitivity (640%) with rise and decay times of 0.321 s and 0.22 s, respectively, due to Cu's high oxidation tendency. These results demonstrate the critical role of nanoparticle material selection in enhancing PS based PDs and underline their potential applications in UV sensing, secure optical communication, flame detection, and space exploration. This work provides a clear pathway for developing high-performance plasmon-enhanced PDs with improvez sensitivity, stability, and applicability.25 0Item Restricted THE EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL ROTARY, CHEMICAL SOLVENT AND LASER-ACTIVATED IRRIGATION TO REMOVE INTRACANAL OBTURATION MATERIAL WITH VARIOUS TYPE OF SEALER IN RETREATMENT ENDODONTIC(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alshammari, Ahad; JUZAILAH, BINTI ROFFIEThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different retreatment protocols in eliminating root canal filling materials (RCFM) from extracted human premolars and to assess the influence of sealer type on removal performance. Thirty-six single-rooted specimens were allocated into four groups based on the retreatment method: Group 1 - ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR), Group 2 - PTUR + chloroform, Group 3 - PTUR + laser-activated irrigation (LAI), and Group 4 - PTUR + chloroform + LAI. Each group was further subdivided according to sealer type: AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and CeraSeal (n = 3 per subgroup). Apical patency was assessed post-retreatment. The remaining obturation material was analyzed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to quantify its volume and stereomicroscopy to examine remnants on the canal walls. Statistical analyses included the Chi-Square test for apical patency and a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test for quantitative measurements. No significant differences in apical patency were observed among the groups (p= 1.000). Group 4 exhibited the lowest levels of retained material (p = 0.0037), suggesting enhanced efficiency. Among the sealers, MTA Fillapex was associated with a higher amount of remaining debris compared to AH Plus and CeraSeal. In conclusion, the combined use of PTUR, chloroform, and LAI proved more effective in debriding root canals without adversely affecting apical patency. These findings support the clinical benefit of integrating both solvent and laser-assisted techniques during retreatment procedures.5 0Item Restricted GENERALIZED CLOSED SETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN FUZZY BITOPOLOGICAL SPACES(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2024) ALHARBI, AHLAM AHMED; KILICMAN, ADEMAbstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy GENERALIZED CLOSED SETS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN FUZZY BITOPOLOGICAL SPACES By ALHARBI, AHLAM AHMED M December 2024 Chairman : Adem Kilicman, PhD Faculty : Science The present thesis focuses on studying generalized closed subsets of fuzzy bitopology spaces, which is an emerging field of mathematics, especially in fuzzy bitopology. This field of study combines fuzzy sets, fuzzy bitopology, and generalizations of fuzzy closed sets to provide a thorough structure for describing and analyzing complicated systems. We introduce new results on generalized closed sets and their applicationsin fuzzy bitopological spaces. Thus, more profound insights into continuity, connectedness, and compactness are made possible, and a greater knowledge of functions, relationships, separation axioms, normal space, and regular space within fuzzy bitopological contexts is reached. This, in turn, provides a comprehensive framework or studying and evaluating complex systems. We began the thesis by recalling the fundamental concepts of fuzzy structures and basic theorems for the remainder of the thesis, providing a quick reference for the reader’s convenience. After that, we defined and introduced some kinds of generalized closed subsets of fuzzy bitopology spaces. The definition of a generalized closed setrelies on two factors: openness and closure. We established the open operator in the first fuzzy topology (𝜏𝑖), while the closure operator in the second topology (𝜏𝑗) varies across different types, such as fuzzy closure, fuzzy 𝛼-closure, fuzzy semi-closure, fuzzy pre-closure, and fuzzy 𝛽-closure. This creates different types of generalized closed subsets in fuzzy bitopological spaces, which we call (𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑓𝑔𝜑−closed to make studying them easier, where 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ {1, 2} and 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗. Then, we explored various theorems, properties, and their relationships with important counterexamples. On the other hand, delving into each theory or topic with the fuzzy sample (𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑓𝑔𝜑−closed group is complex, comprehensive, and correct for all the types of generalized closed sets involved.Furthermore, this thesis introduces their application to mathematical structures. We started by introducing generalized neighborhood concepts using the (∈) connection and the quasi-coincident idea (𝑞) in fuzzy bitopological spaces. We also analyze them according to their properties, which are supported by counterexamples. In addition, we presented types of generalized functions, which consist of five sections: generalized continuous, generalized strong continuous, generalized irresolute, and generalized open and closed functions. The last section is the generalized homeomorphism, which includes some theorems, compositions, corollaries with important examples, and diagrams to show relationships between concepts. Moreover, this thesis presents definitions, results, and links related to the concepts of generalized compactness and generalized connectedness. Next, various types of fuzzy generalized separation axioms are studied by explaining several important theorems and counterexamples.In conclusion, new definitions of generalized regular space, generalized normal space, generalized 𝑇3, and generalized 𝑇4 are discussed. In addition, new theorems, basicproperties, and important counterexamples for both are defined. The results of this study are novel and more comprehensive because of the compact structure of generalized closed groups of fuzzy bitopological spaces. Additionally, the application of all previous mathematical concepts offers advantages in certain aspects. Keywords: Fuzzy generalized closed sets, fuzzy generalized neighborhoods, fuzzy generalized functions, fuzzy generalized compactness and connectedness, fuzzy generalized separation axioms. Keywords: Fuzzy generalized closed sets, fuzzy generalized neighborhoods, fuzzy generalized functions, fuzzy generalized compactness and connectedness, fuzzy generalized separation axioms. SDG: GOAL 4: Quality Education, GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.5 0Item Restricted EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WAYFINDING SYSTEMS IN URBAN METRO STATIONS DURING HAJJ ALGHAMDI, KHALID(UTM, 2025) ALGHAMDI, KHALID AHMED; RASIDI, MOHD HISYAMWayfinding challenges in crowded, unfamiliar environments pose significant safety and comfort risks for users, particularly in mass gathering contexts. During the 2019 Hajj pilgrimage, over 211,000 pilgrims became lost at Al-Mashaaer Al-Mugaddassah Metro stations, highlighting critical deficiencies in existing wayfinding systems that serve more than 2 million international visitors annually. This study aims to develop a wayfinding system model that enhances navigation efficiency in crowded contexts and unfamiliar environments by examining the specific case of Muzdalifah metro stations during Hajj. A mixed-methods approach was employed, collecting data through structured questionnaires distributed to Hajj pilgrims with prior metro station experience. From 394 questionnaires distributed, 271 valid responses were obtained (68.27% response rate). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, employing structural equation modeling to examine relationships between variables and assess model validity through reliability analysis, normality tests, and bootstrapping procedures. The study identified five critical factors significantly influencing wayfinding system efficiency: educational attainment, user expectations, information availability, routing strategies, and signage design. These factors demonstrated substantial impact on pilgrims' perception of congestion, which directly influenced their feelings of safety and comfort during navigation. The analysis revealed that pilgrims' demographic characteristics moderate the relationship between environmental factors and wayfinding effectiveness, with educational level showing the strongest influence on navigation success. The developed wayfinding system model provides a theoretical framework for improving navigation efficiency in crowded, unfamiliar environments. Practically, this research offers evidence-based recommendations for enhancing metro station wayfinding systems, potentially reducing pilgrim disorientation and improving crowd management. The findings contribute to wayfinding theory by establishing the mediating role of crowding perception between environmental factors and user experience in mass gathering contexts. This research supports Saudi Vision 2030's objective of improving Hajj services and has broader applications for transportation hubs and public spaces serving diverse, international populations.4 0Item Restricted EXPLORING DOMESTIC TOURISTS' SATISFACTION WITH HERITAGE DESTINATION ATTRIBUTES: A HOLSAT MODEL, CASE STUDY: HISTORIC JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA(UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 2025) Haressy, Abdullah Yahya; Suraiyati, Binti RahmanHistoric Jeddah, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, represents one of the most significant heritage tourism destinations in Saudi Arabia. Despite its cultural and historical importance, tourist satisfaction with Historic Jeddah has not been systematically examined, especially from the perspective of domestic visitors. This gap is critical, as understanding tourists’ expectations and experiences is essential for enhancing service quality, improving infrastructure, and sustaining the city’s competitiveness in the growing heritage tourism sector. The novelty of this study lies in the adaptation and application of the Holiday Satisfaction (HOLSAT) model to Historic Jeddah, integrating demographic analysis with a systematic assessment of expectation–experience gaps across cultural and historical appeal, accessibility and mobility, facilities and services, hospitality, and value-for-money. Data were collected through an online survey conducted between June and July 2025, yielding 421 valid responses from domestic tourists across the five regions of Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics profiled tourist demographics, frequency of visiting, and travel purpose, while paired-sample t-tests identified expectation–experience gaps. Correlation analysis and multiple regression were then employed to examine the influence of HOLSAT dimensions on overall satisfaction. Reliability testing confirmed strong internal consistency across all dimensions (Cronbach’s α > 0.88). The results show that overall satisfaction was positive, with cultural and historical appeal and hospitality exceeding expectations. In contrast, negative gaps were found in facilities & services and accessibility & mobility, particularly in toilet availability, disability access, and road signage. Regression analysis further revealed that experiences were stronger predictors of satisfaction than expectations, with hospitality emerging as the most influential factor, followed by cultural & historical appeal, while value-for-money had a mixed effect. The study contributes to tourism research by providing empirical evidence on how HOLSAT dimensions shape satisfaction in a Middle Eastern UNESCO heritage context, offering a framework that can be applied to similar destinations. Practically, the findings highlight the need for targeted improvements in infrastructure and pricing strategies, alongside sustained investment in heritage preservation and hospitality training. By addressing these areas, policymakers and tourism managers can enhance visitor experiences, strengthen repeat visitation, and support the long-term sustainability of Historic Jeddah as a world-class heritage tourism destination.35 0Item Restricted IMPACT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND WORKPLACE INCLUSION ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS IN SAUDI ARABIA(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) DIBAS, AMANI MOHAMMAD; Alharath, AbdulazizWomen's entrepreneurship has emerged as a significant global phenomenon in the 21st century, particularly as women in developing countries increasingly participate in the workforce to support their families. Despite the progressive policy shifts and governmental initiatives aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia, particularly epitomized by the ambitions of Vision 2030, a significant disjuncture persists between national aspirations and lived realities, especially concerning socio-cultural constraints that continue to impede women's entrepreneurial success. Therefore, this Study Is Aimed at Assess the Impact of socio-cultural factors and Workplace Inclusion on women entrepreneurial success in Saudi Arabia. the study intends to use SPSS-AMOS which is considered good to test the hypotheses rigorously. The findings reveal that social norms significantly negatively impact Saudi women's entrepreneurial success, while family support positively influences it. Surprisingly, workforce inclusion showed no significant impact, contradicting the initial hypothesis of a negative effect. The study recommend that attention should be focus on addressing negative social norms through campaigns and education, and strengthening family support systems given their positive impact. Further investigation into workforce inclusion's nuanced role is advised. Overall, targeted support programs are crucial to empower Saudi women entrepreneurs by navigating socio-cultural challenges and leveraging existing strengths.3 0Item Restricted Employee Attitude to Sustainable Technology Practices by Malaysia’s Warehouse.(UCSI University, 2025) ALMUTAIRI, FALAH KHUWAYTIM; Ahmad, NoorsiahPurpose – The research study is intended to investigate and comprehend how the employee within the warehousing sector in Malaysia are embracing and practicing sustainability and sustainable technology systems. The study will attempt to establish the major and significant aspects, agilities, and conduct by its employees and management that have stood out in ensuring environmental friendly activity is upheld safeguarding the surrounding and upholding sustainability. The anticipated level of understanding and behavior practice of green technologies across the warehouse operations arrangements will be determined and efficiency.6 0Item Restricted Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Financial Performance with a Mediating Role of Enterprise Risk Management of the Islamic Banks in GCC Countries(Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2025) Alsalami, Tamader; Soo-Wah, Low; Shifa Mohd, NorThe incorporating of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) factors into managerial decision-making has been shown to mitigate risks and create an "insurance-like" value that protects Financial Performance (FP). However, previous research on the direct relationship between CSR and FP has yielded mixed results, highlighting the need for further investigation. Thus, this study examines the mediating role of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) in analysing the relationship between CSR and FP. This study examines Islamic banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) as a distinctive context for analysing the CSR-ERM-FP dynamics within the banking sector. Drawing on stakeholder, signalling, and agency theories, it argues that strategic CSR practices strengthen enterprise-wide risk management, ultimately enhancing the FP of GCC Islamic banks. This study utilizes a sample of 221 bank-year observations from 23 listed Islamic banks operating in GCC countries between 2011 and 2020. Data were collected from two secondary sources: annual bank reports were utilized to gather CSR data through content analysis and scoring methods for ERM data, and the DataStream database was accessed for FP data. An analysis of multiple panel regression approach was applied to examine the relationship between the study variables. The study finds that CSR practices positively impact both accounting-based and market-based FP in GCC Islamic banks. Additionally, banks with a strong commitment to CSR demonstrate more effective ERM implementation. Furthermore, while ERM implementation shows a significant positive relationship with accounting-based FP, no such link is found with market-based FP. However, ERM implementation does not significantly mediate the relationship between CSR and FP, indicating insufficient evidence to support its mediating role. This study contributes to existing knowledge by providing insights into the relationship between CSR, ERM, and FP within the Islamic banking sector in the GCC. The findings underscore the significance of incorporating CSR as a fundamental element of business model transformation to improve stakeholder engagement. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for Islamic banks to align CSR with ERM initiatives to maximize the benefits of sustainable business practices while addressing stakeholder concerns for better FP. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable guidance to regulators in strengthening ERM and CSR policies. Lastly, the study provides stakeholders, managers, and scholars with a deeper understanding of CSR-ERM-FP dynamics in GCC Islamic banks.12 0Item Restricted The Efficacy of Robotic Cleanliness versus Human Cleanliness in the 5-star Hotels, Kuala Lumpur.(Taylor's University, 2025) Alowa, Rifaa Saeed; Garg, AnshulThis study examines the influence and effectiveness of robotic versus human cleaning methods on the perceptions of guests at five-star hotels in Kuala Lumpur. The theoretical framework used in the study is the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model that helps to distinguish the influence of the two cleaning methods (stimuli) on internal guests’ psychological response (perceived cleanliness, trust, usefulness, satisfaction) and, consequentially, on the behavior and preference of guests. The aim of the study is to determine which type of the two cleaning methods produce better results in terms of perceived hygiene, trustworthiness, guest satisfaction and choice of service, whether robot or human cleaning. A quantitative method was implemented, using a structured questionnaire developed with eight hypotheses that matched the S-O-R model. The data were collected using Google Forms and distributed among 5-star hotel guests in Kuala Lumpur, with a sample size of 377 participants. SPSS was used to analyze the responses in order to test the correlation between independent variables (cleaning method, perceived convenience and usefulness) and dependent variables (trust, cleanliness perception, satisfaction, and preference). Findings demonstrated that there is a positive effect of using both robots as well as human cleaning methods on perceived cleanliness and trust. Robotic cleaning services were well-regarded because they were efficient and consistent and did not require any direct contact whereas human services were well-regarded due to emotional reassurance, responsibility, and personalized services. Trust in the cleaning procedure and perceived cleanliness found out to be the critical predictor of guest satisfaction and preference. The study yields important perspectives to be given to hotel managers when trying to implement both service automation and traditional hospitality. It shows the viability of hybrid cleaning schemes and articulates the need to ensure service innovation resonates with guest anticipation so as to enhance guest contentment and competitive allure in the changing hospitality environment.8 0